Research portfolio Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Portfolio - interrogation Paper ExampleMoreover, in recent decades, research evidence has demonstrated a significant affiliation between declining levels of visible activity in children, overall increases in childrens body weights, and the incidence of obesity (Goran et al., 1999). The close widely accepted hypothesis for this association is that over time cultural changes and technological advances have resulted in less physical activity and promoted a gradually more sedentary lifestyle (Goran et al. 1999 Luepker, 1999). This mirrors what is occurring in the braggart(a) population and highlights the influence that parental physical activity behaviours have on the behaviours of children (Goran et al., 1999). Clearly, physical activity plays a critical role in the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity, leading some experts to suggest that if physical activity levels were increased that the epidemic of childhood obesity would diminish or even disappear (Luepker, 1999). q uestion has suggests the need for family-based interventions since families share genetic disposition as well as environments (Hill & Trowbridge, 1998). Accomplishing the task of combating childhood obesity will require that every family become committed to improving their childrens physical activity habits. ... Moreover, children learn lifestyle behaviours from an early age and may be more flexible in their ability to change behaviours than adults. many another(prenominal) parents, however, lack knowledge about healthy lifestyle practices and/or fail to encourage or ensample these healthy behaviours for their children. Parents of overweight children also may tend to underestimate their childs weight and may not be as concerned about their childs physical inactivity. It is important to understand whether this lack of knowledge and/or border of healthy behaviours on the part of the parents are related to unhealthy practices among their children. According to Nicklas and Johnson (2 004), health promotion interventions should be implemented at an age when a child is still impartial to change, which is typically prior to transport into sixth grade. The role of the home environment is critical to prevent childhood obesity. Parents must provide a physically active environment for their children, and limit the amount of time spent in sedentary behaviours. maternal(p) controls of television viewing can have many benefits. Research Questions The specific research question of this rent is What are the parental controls and restrictions regarding television viewing among students? Sub-questions for the study were (a) Does the parental controls and restrictions that are being used by parents correlate with childrens BMI (b) Do parental controls differ according to the childs age? Literature Review Family Environment and childishness Obesity The best way to significantly affect the prevalence of childhood obesity is to prevent it. Therefore, the get it on of childho od obesity becomes a family affair. Families provide the primary

Historical Research Method Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Historical Method - look for Paper ExampleThis step involves spotting, locating, and collecting data pertaining to the topic of research. The information sources atomic number 18 usually contained in documents such as records, newspapers, relics, photographs, and interviews with people who have experienced or have knowledge of the research subject. much(prenominal) interviews are called oral histories. Evaluation of materialsEach data source must be evaluated for accuracy and authenticity since they erect be affected by various factors like economic conditions, prejudice, and political climate. Sources must pass both an external criticism the process of determine the trustworthiness, authenticity, or validity, or internal criticism the process of determining the accuracy or reliability of the information collected. Firsthand information by event witnesses, for example are classically assumed to be more accurate and reliable. Data synthesis and preparing a reportSynthesis is the selecting, structuring, and analyzing the materials gathered into telephone exchange concepts and topical themes. Thesis themes are then joined to form a meaningful and contiguous whole. A literature review of where and how historical materials research method is used in the academic business literatureThis testament give a description of the relevant literature in business. Historical research method arouse be used in market research to enable organizations stay fine tuned in business. It tidy sum help organizations to penetrate the wants and needs of customers and the techniques.

Unions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Unions - Research Paper simulationFurthermore, the organization is committed towards advancing their mission by engaging local communities, collective bargaining, organizing and political activism by means of the efforts of their members (American Federation of Teachers, 2012).Although, AFT members do not work in core industrial environment, there ar numerous hazards involved due to the complex situations that they work in. Teachers have greater possibilities for respiratory infections and work cogitate asthma. Furthermore, it has been observed that many paraprofessionals leave the organization citing voice disorders. Moreover, renovation of schools, internal air quality and alter chemicals relatively affect the health systems of various members in the workplace (American Federation of Teachers, 2012).A Washington DC based organization First Class Education (FCE), introduced a 65 percent solution scheme, which need to be maintained compulsorily by schools of all states. The sch eme endorsed all schools to spend 65% of their budgets on schoolroom instruction. However, the members of AFT feel that the scheme will adversely affect schools and its students. Moreover, National refer for Education Statistics (NCES) classroom instruction includes the cost of teachers and most of the classroom supplies. However, it excludes costs regarding the staff and services innate for conducting numerous programs. The services include professional development, libraries, food and nutrition, custodial work and transportation which enable classroom learning in the initial stages (American Federation of Teachers, 2012).The environment in which the members of AFT work is deemed to violate occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 (OSHA) which states that employers should be responsible for providing secure as well as good for you(p) working environment which is not being complied with by the leaders of the

Multimedia and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multimedia and heading - Essay ExampleIn this Multimedia and design essay, the seed describes points of view and thoughts about this issue of three different authors. Norman (2004) in his book Emotional Design has given knowledge about the Psychology behind the design whether bulk think it bad or good. Norman in his book referred to three levels of processing such as visceral level, behavioural level, and thoughtful level. He justifies that how emotions impact their decisions and design. Visceral design of goods concerns the appearance of things. Materials, sounds, texts and smell are all features, which determine the human relationship of consumers with objects. People attract the goods because these look good. Focus in the Emotional design is given to move the thought from practical to products and services, which are enjoyable and give pleasure and fun to consumers. When Norman speaks on the design, he makes efforts to bushel the users perception about the performance of ob jects and does not concern the visual sense of objects. It is also justified that Norman looked on the both sides of the story.Dichotomy approaches of objective and subjective are also focused in the Normans work. Norman book also concerns the emotional designs. Norman already wrote three books, which support to look the authors feelings expressed in the current book. The work of the Norman is motivating and influencing in the field of design of objects. However, some(prenominal) shortcomings are also displayed which impact the quality of work. Young ideas are also problematic in credit rating to the theoretical framework of Norman. For example, Norman defined the positive and negative impacts, which were produced at the visceral level. In the posterior sections, he contradicted the definition about visceral level and added it two other levels such as behavioral and reflective. Three levels about design of objects demonstrate the overlapping from his discussion and render the pr ecise of categorization in suspect. Instead of the flaws in the Emotional Design a vivid canvas is created that integrates the emotional facets into the field that is predominate by the technical concerns. Both subjective and objective approaches are illustrated through the examples. Innovation arise from the changing business ask and does not involve the emotions. For example, advent of colour TV was the drive and emotional needs of the users in the market 2. THE PHILOSOPHERS TOOL KIT II (Wittkower) In the book of Wittkower (2008) the most part concerns the iPod and philosophy as an icon of ePoch. People differed mainly in concepts and theories on philosophy. Main theme of philosophy concerns the private reflection and respond based on the experience. Core philosophy is thinking of human ability that enables people to invent, understand and respond to the questions. Association between philosophies is increasing in the context of academic learning. The close joining between computer engineering and computer science also shapes popular culture. The culture of iPod emerged since 2001. Needs and demand of the people on the design of everything is also revealed. Therefore, this world is also designed in a steering that very designed thing can be touched, felt and tasted. Not all the new forward-looking things are developed at once, but according to requirements and demands. Philosophy refreshes our minds for new things and concepts, and uncertainty about philosophy is most vital considered. Now a day the

Inputs and Outputs Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inputs and Outputs Devices - Essay ExampleThe essay Inputs and Outputs Devices talks about the various input and payoff devices used while working with calculating machines and presents the overview of advantages and disadvantages of such devices. Computer output entails any type of in physical bodyation that is beingness provided by the computer after processing. An output device is a hardware piece that is used to give away or output data which has been processed or has been stored on the computer. Examples of output devices are speakers, speech synthesizers, plotters, printers, and the visual Display Unit.Once information has been fed to the computer, it is in electronic form. This information is in a form that can only be handled and understood by the computer, and not by human beings. The information will, therefore, occupy to be converted into a form that is understood by a user. This is mostly d unmatched in two ways by printing out the information and by displaying the information on the visual Display Unit.If a user is using a machine with multimedia, he or she can excite sound as an output. In this case, the sound is emitted through the speakers. These are all benefits and roles of having output devices connected to ones computer.A peripheral device is defined as that which can be attached to a computer to increase its functionality. These devices are used in conjunction with the output devices. The output devices are used on a regular basis by students to do their projects and assignments, and they also help to perform basic logical and arithmetic operations.

Enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Enviroment - Essay ExampleHowever, very little has been done to understate the overdependence as dramatic subjoin has been witnessed over the years and the trend is expected to continue. The main concern of the American Jewish Community is the fact that the enemy is being strengthened at the expense of national aegis while the government is also concerned about the economic growth. There is an urgent need to pad new and environmental friendly sources of ability such as wind and solar energy so as to reduce the overdependence on oil.Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAF) was enacted to help reduce energy consumption through the manufacture of vehicles that uses fuel efficiently. The legislation has since been neglected by the congress leading to an increase in the number of fuel guzzlers. The Brighter Source Company which is owned by Israel plans to put up a major solar power plant after receiving a major funding from the government. This tender was awarded to the level since it u ses the most advanced level of technology and expertise given its familiarity with desert conditions. The move is seen to be a major boost to the U.S- Israel ties. This project will greatly reduce importation of oil from the Middle eastern and will also strengthen the image of U.S as the worlds super

International Agreement of two companies Coursework

International Agreement of two companies - Coursework ExampleThe decision of arbitrator is medical dressing and easy to implement. CheapStock Corporation and George Limited are engaged in an harmony for five years. According to the contract, the convoluted parties should ask for arbitrators involvement if there is some contend or disagreement. George Limited short subsequently a year wanted the termination of the agreement, which is regarded as a violation of the agreement by CheapStock due to which, suitable arbitrament process is required. This paper includes a number of polices related to breach, termination of agreement and arbitrement. Basis of arbitration Arbitration is consensual Arbitration process tin be implementable if both parties concord on it. In order to resolve the issues through arbitration, the parties at the time of agreement includes arbitration article in it. The parties in disputes may refer the matter to arbitrator by submission of agreement kill be tween them. No one can withdraw from arbitration unilaterally1. The parties choose the arbitrator Under the Arbitration rules parties can chose sole arbitrator to settle the disputes. Arbitration is neutral The applicable law, language and locale of the arbitration is utmost important. Arbitration is a confidential procedure In specific circumstances, the Rules empower a political party to restrict portal to its trade secrets or other confidential information to the arbitral tribunal or its advisor. The decision of the arbitral tribunal is final and legally enforceable by both sides2. Merits and Demerits of Arbitration Merits of arbitration are a) if the disputed matter is highly technical, arbitrators should have an expertise to deliver b) it is faster than the court proceedings c) cheaper and flexible d) its proceedings can be made confidential e) here language of arbitration can be chosen, whereas in judicial proceedings it cannot be chosen f) easily enforceable g) it limits the duration of the dispute and associated liability3. Demerits of arbitration are i) highly complex ii) in case arbitration is mandatory and binding, the parties deprive their rights to access the courts iii) ambiguous decisions cannot be reverted since limited scope for an appeal iv) fewer enforcement options than judgments in other legal systems v) not directly enforceable4. Arbitration Agreement In theoretical terms, it is a consensual process duly concord by both the parties to comply with. Such sorts of agreement can be categorized as a) if a dispute arises it can be resolved through arbitrator b) submission agreements are those that signed after a dispute has arisen5. In the common wealth countries, the earlier is considered suitable. In the cited countries, each executor has to bear the hail in conventional arbitration and not in submission agreement. The law accepts validity of arbitration clauses in spite of its language not linked with legal contracts. Those clauses are a) English law is applicable if venue arbitration is London b) suitability of clause c) if it is in line with the ICC Rules in London6. The competent court of law respect the clauses to resolve the disputes provided i) arbitrator should take into account the principles of practical business ii) globally acclaimed principles of law judicature

Eastern Europe Under Communist Rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eastern Europe Under Communist Rule - Essay ExampleSince 1968 thither was a reform that began within the party, no further political or economic reforms were considered by the party, for revere of a similarly disastrous loss of control over society. In contrast, even the shock that followed 1953 in East Germany, producing the enormous purges that it did, did not prevent some few future policy alterations.As brought out, it is clear that condescension some regions of Eastern Europe having communist influence prior to the Second World War, such as Poland, Eastern Europe would not put on become communist without the interference of the Soviet Union in the post-war years. This is inferred by the fact that following the War, Stalin was forced to bring about communists into the governments of the popular of Eastern-European states to make sure that exclusively countries that implemented communist governments surrounded the USSR, introducing communism upon these states in spite of his p romises of free elections. It can also be seen that in the post-war years Soviet intervention in elections was current, suggesting that maybe without this intervention results would have been different from those which were obtained, and many states in Eastern Europe would not have become communist. This is clear in the case of Poland, which did actually have a communist party, however, this was dissolved by Stalin in 1941 as it was a potential threat, and then amend under Stalins main concern as he developed Polish communists in Moscow. afterwards the War, Stalin recognized a Soviet government in Poland.

Historical Development of Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical Development of Britain - Essay ExampleRaymond Williams, quoted in Society and Economy in Modern Britain, used to say that ending is one of the most difficult words in the position language, partly because it has a fib of shifting meanings, and partly because the word is now used to cover all-important(prenominal) concepts, in several distinct disciplines. (Brown, 430) According to the same source, two types of cultures are identifiable - the high or minority taste culture represented by certain kinds of music, literature, language and art (this type of culture is associated with the elite) and the popular or mass culture.Talking about the history of English popular culture, Richard Brown asserts the situation that it was uncomplete traditional nor the culture of peasant societies. (Brown, 433) It depended on the region where it was developed and on apparitional influences. And the main(prenominal) feature was that the English popular culture was noticeably differen t from that of Europe. It was more than commercial, more individualistic, less bodily and more secular. (434)The 18th carbon brought about a gradual change in point of culture, a change that was manifest in two directions, affecting both popular and high culture. And it was under the religious influence that this happened. ... In Scotland, this was an age where culture developed in all its fields literature, architecture, philosophy and science. The universities became more innovative in point of curriculum and teaching and all these contributed to the revival. The individuation of the English nation during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries fits neatly into neither of the main categories of classification identified by political scientists, being neither indisputably ethnic nor exclusively civic-territorial. (Kidd, 75) The English nation was characterized by a rich ethnic diversity. Although the central identity was Anglo-Saxonism, Celtic, Gothic and even Norman identity gathered in composing Britains national identity. The eighteenth century Britain doesnt appear, yet, as having the sense of a multicultural nation. Its what Collin Kidd proves in his book by presenting the attitude of the radical Saxonist throne Hare, who supported the idea of ethnic purity. The diversity in point of ethnicity became even the source of questions committed to the history of the English Constitution. During the eighteenth century the Saxon identity became more prominent as the ethnic core. It was similarly considered that English principles of liberty were of Anglo-Saxon provenance. Historians and researchers have studied this problem but opinions remained divided. The Anglo-Saxon is also normally one of the terms of the antitheses Celt-Saxon. In Kidds opinion the opposition of the pragmatic, freedom loving Teuton and the mystical, sentimental, but improvident Celt was connected to a conception of the Celt that took shape gradually, beginning with the Ossianic vogue of the late

This is not actually micro or macro the class is called Economics of Essay

This is non actually micro or macro the class is called Economics of ontogeny countries - Essay ExampleThis is because, scant(p) people around the world seldom access financial services through the formal sector, and hence, they atomic number 18 forced to venture into informal financial dealings which are in the form of micro-finance services (Gulli 50).The report of Micro-finance dates back to hundreds of years. Credit corporations and lending unions have been in existence for many centuries. However, the pi mavener of modern micro-finance is Dr. Mohammad Yunus, who in the 1970s started experimenting with the idea by using women in rural villages of Bangladesh. Yunus began lending affordable loans to the women, and they would later refurbishment at an interest. The women benefited from the loans because they were able to begin community projects that generated income for them. The profits enabled them to pay back the loans. Later in 1983, Yunus founded Grameen Bank, one of the worlds greatest micro-finance banks currently. Yunus won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 due to his efforts of improving the proceeds of curt women in Bangladesh. Innovation in micro-finance has continued over the years, and currently, it has been established that micro-finance solves economic problems of people in developing countries. Current estimates by the World Bank reveal that approximately 160 million people that live in developing countries benefit from micro-finance (Armendariz 67).Comprehensive studies have demonstrated that micro-finance indeed works. Research has shown that micro-finance continues to assist worthless individuals in developing countries to meet basic requirements, and protects them from any potential risks. These financial services have enabled let out income earners to improve their quality of life and enhance their enterprise stability. Most Micro-finance Institutions (MFIs) target women, for example, Grameen Bank targets Bangladeshi poor people wom en. This is of benefit as it contributes to women empowerment, and ensures that

How Does Mood Affect the Performance of Singers Research Paper

How Does Mood Affect the Performance of Singers - Research Paper ExampleThe amazing surgery of how the brain controls the capabilities of forgivings to express themselves shall be examined herein as well as a stem to the best possible ideas and results that the researcher could garner from the procedures taken into consideration within this piece of work.Music is an undeniably amercement type of art that has captured the hearts of human individuals around the globe. Ever since the human generation began, the world of practice of medicine as a primary source of expression has given a chance for the m either human generations passing history to preserve the right kind of mark that they would want to leave as legacies of their civilization. From the opposite developments of the said entity of the human society, on that point is unrivalled particular contributory element that makes all these things possible, the human voice.Voice is renowned as the primary sound that comes out of a persons mouth as demanded and commanded by the brain. Through this particular element, the thinking of any individual is expressed to others. IT is also the voice of humans that makes the existence of music creation possible. From this particular indication, it could then be identified that as one person sings, there are several procedures being involved before the actual sound of the song comes out of any bodys mouth as a form of music that sends messages to the ears and towards the brains of everyone else hearing it.If the expression of ones thinking through the utilization of the human voice is controlled by the brain, how is the performance of singers actually unnatural by the emotions that they feel every now and then? Considerably, this is one of the main issues that shall be handled within the condition of this research. From this question, it could be expected that the study would revolve on the capability of the brain to control the emotional break of failure, anger , distress, happiness, excitement and so on and so forth as seen through the skills and the voices of singing performers.

The Pathophysiology and evidence-based practice of Research Paper

The Pathophysiology and evidence-based practice of neurotic Disorder - Research Paper Exampleve disorder is an anxiety disorder, a compulsive ritualistic port driven by irrational anxiety such as fear of contamination, thereby repeated race of hands and cleaning or articles is performed by the longanimous. The treatment of such disorders generally involves an amalgamation of psychological approaches as well as drug treatment (Katzang, 2009 Kaushik, 2011).OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) is characterized by insistent anxiety- provoking thoughts (obsession) or repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety (compulsions). If such thoughts or actions are prevented or interrupted, the patient becomes anxious. It is chronic, prevalent as well as disabling condition that persists through let on life, hampers normal life of an individual and those who are associated with the OCD patient (Katzang, 2009 Kaushik, 2011).The disease is a chronic condition and no absolute reason could be f ormulated money box date. Noteworthy contribution of studies involving OCD highlight the perception of the phenomenology and pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) prevalent both in children as well as adults, affecting 1-3% of the population (Torres et al, 2006).Epidemiological understanding about OCD suggests that OCD has emerged as the fourth nearly common mental disorder across the world irrespective of cultural differences. Considering the condition to be of predominate significance, World Health Organization (WHO, 2001) has graded OCD as one of the most debilitating disorders. An estimation carried out in 2000, enumerated OCD amongst the top 20 causes of illness related disability of individuals belonging to the age between 15 years and 44 years. In most of the cases, symptoms onset around the age of 10 years, prepuberty onset is detect in boys while in girls onset of symptoms usually occur during adolescence phase (Tukel et al, 2006).OCD patient displays s ignificant incommode that results in impaired psychosocial performances. Obsessions are recurring,

Closure of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Closure of Business - Essay ExampleThe promotion of the welfare of the take forming class is a recognized policy but an employees tenure is not a sodding(a) right intended to destroy or oppress the employer. The employer, therefore, has the prerogative to exercise in good faith the right to close the operation of the stock, either totally or partially. The employer behindnot be compelled to continue to operate its crease but must nevertheless comply with legal processes before it can implement the cessation of its course or reduction of its operations. To manifest good faith, the employer must define the criteria in an objective and fair vogue on who will be retained and who will be let go through the verbosity plan and thereafter, notify the employees affected in writing. It is not decent though to notify the employees, the issue must be explained to them individually. It is further required for the employer to consult and listen to the suggestions of the employees to pr oscribe resultant. And, if other alternatives or options are ready(prenominal) then the same must be explored as oppose to the implementation of pleonasm or termination phase.There are two options presented by Sally frankincense it shall be discussed separately.The first scenario is to close the shop all in all due to losses. The lack of subscriber line transaction validates the break of serve of employment. Since it is within the discretion of Sally to cease business operation, she cannot be compelled to continue operating at a loss due to misplacing sympathy to the employees.... It is not enough though to notify the employees, the issue must be explained to them individually. It is further required for the employer to consult and listen to the suggestions of the employees to forestall termination. And, if other alternatives or options are available then the same must be explored as opposed to the implementation of redundancy or termination phase. There are two options presen ted by Sally thus it shall be discussed separately. The first scenario is to close the shop completely due to losses. The lack of business transaction validates the severance of employment. Since it is within the discretion of Sally to cease business operation, she cannot be compelled to continue operating at a loss due to misplace sympathy to the employees. However, she must pay redundancy payment to the dismissed employees who dumbfound rendered continuous service at least two years reckoned at the date of the dismissal. If an alternative work offer is made to the employee that is of similar conditions, pay, status and other benefits to the employees present position, he is free to claim or reject the offer. However, if it is shown that the offer is unreasonably rejected the employees can no longer demand redundancy pay and worse consequence of such refusal shall exempt the employer from paying the same. Applying the foregoing standard, Greg shall not be entitle to redundancy pa yment as he can be re-assigned to Sallys other business offices pursuant to his contract. If the offer to be re-assigned is refused by Greg, he cannot make a claim for redundancy payment. Nevertheless, Greg can fight the re-assignment on ground that it is a diminution of his present status not to mention that his remuneration is substantially reduced. In all

Is the Use of Animals in Research Ethical Essay

Is the Use of Animals in Research ethical - Essay ExampleThese arguments are true in some cases. However, it is almost impossible to stop development such animals because their use is of great importance for the survival of man and animals as well. This paper analyses the ethics of exploitation animals during query, the anticipated audience macrocosm animal health experts. Animals are often used as substitutes for mankind volunteers and are important specimens through whom scientists can monitor reaction to various stimuli and other significant variables in complex organs and tissues. They are in that respectfore important for the development of euphony or testing medicine before use in the large human and animal community. If this is not done, a large population of human beings and animals would have died from diseases or affected by certain drugs that were not tested before being released and this would have been more unethical. Basing on this evidence and facts, I hold t o the position that the use of animals in research is ethical. This research is important because it will help to bring to an end or minimize the strife that exists amongst scientists and groups that argue that the use of animals in research is unethical. ... Evidence supporting the use of animals in research gibe to the British Royal Society (2004), virtually all achievements in the field of medicine during the 20th nose candy are credited to the use of animals. Through their use, there have been great breakthroughs in the development of vaccines, antibiotics, anaesthesia and numerous medicines for treating various diseases. Biomedical research would have required the use of human volunteers for testing. However, it should be illustrious that some of the experiments are very risky and the subjects could die and this could lead many legal issues. Therefore, animals provide a good alternative that allows scientists to observe reactions and do experimental manipulations on them i n order to investigate mechanisms of mean(prenominal) functions and disease. This is the rationale behind the use of animals used in research. Apart from the risky nature of some experiments, there are also some other reasons that make the use of animals in research inevitable. The idea of change over to the use of non-animal subjects in scientific experiments is very attractive and agreeable. However, there are some types of experiments that cannot be performed through the use of such alternatives. According to the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (2004), even the most modern type of computers are not able to model the interactions between cells, tissues, organs, molecules and organisms, and the environment. There are many types of researchers in which animals have been used. These are toxicology testing, consummate(a) research, basic or pure research, applied research, drug testing, education, defence, and breeding. Basic/pure research is used to investigate how organi sms function, develop and behave.

Buddhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Buddhism - inquiry Paper ExampleFor instance, where Christian worldview advocates that salvation and rebirth is possible through the divine nature of the person(a) as it was in the case of Jesus Himself, in Buddhism, believes argue that salvation and rebirth is a cycle of life which is judged by the Karma of the individual and is not restricted to the spiritual holiness of the soul. To be precise, in Buddhism, the whole kit and boodle of the person during his life cycle, decides the form of his/her birth as a human or else. However, in Christianity, the philosophic claim propounds that the way to salvation is through Him. Again, principles in Buddhism showed the way to Nirvana and asked the followers to find their ingest path to attain a life after death. The Christian worldview consequently believes that rebirth is possible by pursuance the doctrines of Bible, and the human soul gets birth as only human but, Buddhism states that rebirth means life after death, which depend s on the Karma of the individuals, where the individuals can take birth as anything in accordance with their deeds (Zukeran, Reincarnation and Christianity). ... On the other hand, the new testimonial followers believed that rebirth is possible only when following the path of Jesus Christ. The fantasy of rebirth, as per the Christian worldview, thus happens through miracle, which was only possible by Jesus Christ as He was the son of the God. Reincarnation of soul from one dead body to another is only possible only when the individual have a strong believe on Christs principles and by such means get His blessings on the soul. The path to rebirth, according to Christianity, is unyielding through the life of the people as per the new vision on reincarnation. The philosophical claim of Christianity thus propounds that a strong belief of the individuals on the principles of Christ will help them in attaining rebirth. Hence, Christian worldview, the concept of rebirth revolves around t he strength of the belief one has about the existence of God (Hodson 1-6). BUDDHISM PERSCEPTIVE ON transition The Buddhism perspective on rebirth demonstrates change in continuity of life from one individual to other. fit in to the perspective of Buddhism, the karma of an individual helps to attain enlightenment which represents purity of life. In case, a person or an individual does not attain Nirvana, the death cycle continues and the soul gets rebirth in the form of Asura, Hungry Ghost, homo life and Animals (Buddha Dharma Education, Fundamentals of Buddhism). According to the teachings of Buddha, rebirth depends on Karma of the person that denotes his/her acts and deeds. Also, Buddhist believes that death is the end of visible body, but the spirit seeks out for new life and body. The rebirth of an individual is the cause and effect of his/her

Global Health Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

world(prenominal) Health - experimental condition Paper ExampleRather, many nations throughout Africa, Southeast Asia, and even parts of South America brass instrument the growing threat that is presented by contaminated drinking water.This is a massive problem due to the situation that is affecting the healthy and natural development of millions of individual throughout the developing world. Without a categorical chemical reaction to this issue, the ability of these societies to continue to develop and advance in the same way that our own societies have advanced, it is inevitable to solve the problem of potable water. In order to accomplish this, this philanthropist will invest hard in infrastructure within high density population centers throughout the developing world as a way to encourage public health while at the same time providing somewhat/fresh drinking water to those that are at the highest risk. The main goals that the philanthropist will hope to event include the followingFresh Water Resources Around the World - Earth Web Site. (2011, September 8). The Global Education Project. RetrievedOctober26, 2012, from http//www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/fresh-water.phpUN Chronicle - ACHIEVING GLOBAL HEALTH. (2010, August 5). Welcome to the United Nations Its Your World. RetrievedOctober26, 2012, from

Holes Essay Example for Free

Holes EssayNovels atomic number 18 exceedingly important part in peoples life. They teach us valuable lessons and provide an lose from the real world. Louis Sachars unused Holes, solelyows teenagers to feel for the characters and also allows them to relate to what character is going through. In the impertinent Holes, there are many characters that teenagers can relate to. One of these characters is Stanley. Stanley is the main character from the novel. When he premiere-class honours degree arrives at Camp Green Lake Stanley was bullied by the inmates and put in his place. He soon became friends with the inmates from group D. Everyone in group D had a nickname. Stanley had yet to get one but when he was called Caveman for the first time he finally felt that he was accepted into the group. you coming caveman? Said squid. Stanley looked virtually to see that armpit and squid were talking to him. some other character from the novel that teenagers can relate to is zipper. Zero is a small, shy character who Stanley becomes great friends with in the low of the novel. When Zero became friends with Stanley, the reader learnt that Zero is tongueless because he does not like answering questions because he is cautious of people like Mr. Pendanski, who always taunt him. Teenagers can relate to this because they are always wary of what people think about them. Zero was called cloddish and dull all the time which makes Zero angry but he cant do anything about it because he is a lot smaller than the rest of the inmates. He is so stupid he doesnt even know he is stupid. Zero represents an incompetent teenager that we can all relate to at some point in our life.Louis Sachar uses many themes in the novel Holes. One of these themes is friendship. The benefits of forming material friendships are clearly shown in the text. Stanley and Zeros friendship leads to survival and wealth. Once Stanley became Zeros friend he feels happier than he has forever felt in hi s life. False friends who are only friendly when they are getting something they want, like X-Ray, are shown to be dangerous. Once X-Ray stops getting benefits out of his friendship with Stanley, he becomes hostile towards him. Another very important theme from the novel is Bullying. Bullying is used throughout the novel, which helps teenagers feel and understand what the characters are going through. Bullying is the act upon a person or persons causing harm physically or mentally. This theme adds extra emotion to the novel.The two characters Zero and Stanley are used to generate an authentic and placeable aspect in the book. Stanley and Zero bond throughout the text and Sachar modifies the language when they are present to slack the reader, so they can interpret the text in their own way this quote clearly describes the beginning of their friendship and allows the reader to warm up to the characters.ConclusionLouis Sachar uses all these techniques to create a fascinating novel th at all teenagers can relate to. Sachar uses language techniques appropriately and it enhances the books attractiveness and makes teenagers continue to read the book

Human Rights Essay Example for Free

military opus Rights Essay gentlemans gentleman rights and the concepts concerning the treatment of man have received much publicity since 1948 during the formulation of the Universal Declaration of homophile Rights. Protection of benignant rights goes way back to the early society of gay beings and continues to evolve with time as a atomic number 82 factor in revolution and government of any given government (Symonides 2003 p. 15). spring limitation for most governors based on the concept of servicemane being rights, which provided the foundation for judgment of the rulers leadership standards. unite States also adopted this concept in their Bill of Rights that later developed, and done stress b inn on the need for inter national rights for adult male beings, the Universal Declaration got formulated too( Maddex 2000 p. 60). Currently, the kind-hearted rights concept closely relates to the semi governmental organization of a society and the relationship amid th e government and its mickle. This entails the right of the citizens participation in politics, independence that people should be entitled to, responsibility of the government to the people and the preservation of the peoples kind rights in the process of practicing contemporaneous politics.Governments and states owe the people their prime dedication to maintaining and protecting the man rights which involves their participation, acknowledgment and expansion of the basic rights of people without necessarily infringing on meeting their basic needs. In order for a state to ascertain success in practicing modern politics, they need to strategize on the importance of maintaining the humane rights of the people in the process of legitimizing their king and command for obedience.This paper aims to analyze the depth of concern that maintenance of human rights should receive in relation to practicing contemporary politics. The international bodys concern on rights issues dwells t otally on the policies that countries develop, their politics and the respect they maintain in regards to the rights of human beings. For instance during the end of antagonism in the East-West the United Nations strengthened their policies and stand on protecting human rights (Eade Williams 1995 p. 3). In their view of politics, in the contemporary world, they formulated ways to protect such rights such as offering humanitarian assistance to presidency bodies, team inspections in relation to weapon destruction and an move to force for the internally displaced citizens. The four trade levels of a state in politics require that they respect the rights regime by protecting, respecting and meeting the rights of the people. thereof in order to achieve this fundamental objective and obligation to the people, the state needs to resist in interfering with the peoples rights, respect them, allow the freedom of manduction resources, taking part in political action and participating in p olitical autonomy, as well. In respect to the rights of the people, the view on socio-economic rights comes into play because for the political government to be able to dispose the resources equally and satisfy the peoples needs they governance an obligation to respect the peoples rights to free utilization of resources.Regarding a collective group, lets say the family, an association the governing bodies and the contemporary political leaders need to respect the resources belonging to these groups in relation to their rights to the use of basic resources to satisfy their needs this is what strengthens the human relations arm of politics in any governing state (Eade Williams 1995 p. 42). Additionally, in an effort to increase and enhance machinery for rights actualization the state has to fancy they meet their obligation in committing to protect the rights of the people.In contemporary politics, the state has to make sure they put measures in place to protect the rights of the pe ople against political, social or economical interference to avoid cases of political wrangles and conflict between the citizens and the arm of the government. This tertiary duty practicality involves establishing and maintaining a lawful framework by effectively implementing laws and regulations that would give the common man avenues to realize and enjoy their freedom and rights. On the hand, human rights form the tholepin of moral tenet that gives political order to the contemporary practice of politics.Hence the observation of human rights in reference to the international bill of rights determine the direction, scope and content usable in contemporary politics in relation to the moral norms of the people. Maintaining this moral doctrine of the rights of human beings in contemporary politics requires the activity of convention measures issued in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to rights of the people to quality health care and fair, legal attention with the aim of improving knows.While the safest way to secure favourable conditions necessary for people to live exemplary lives still stands out as human rights activism the public authorities remain best fit to secure those conditions for the people (Carey, Gibney Poe 2010 p. 32). Therefore, the much needed importance placed on maintaining the doctrine of human rights by most national institutions and international politics in an effort to primarily avoiding interfering with the interests of the people.Moreover, the human rights doctrine in contemporary politics contributes to the ideological and geo-political order with a clear framework defining the tail of social, political and economic conditions required to lead better lives. Thus, the importance of practically monitoring and maintaining human rights by legal recognition and validation of the doctrine. Additionally, the human rights moral justification defines the sovereignty considerations made by a nation.Since human rights direct th e legitimate criteria to be followed by individual nations, any appeals made by through politics should not by any means early(a)wise deter the nation-states from committing fully to maintaining the basic human rights. Thus, the human rights doctrine should be highly maintained because this determines the effective way of evaluating the contemporary legitimacy of the national and international political authorities (Shawki Cox 2009 p. 36).Another subject to consider in justifying the importance of maintaining human rights in contemporary politics cuts across the identity role it plays in a corporation of people. Human rights define the political identity of people living in a certain partnership therefore any the political authorities need to be more than careful in handling matters commission the interest of the rights of a people because, in turn this reflects on their moral jurisdiction and legitimacy of order over a sovereign state (Shawki Cox 2009 p. 0). The morality of logic and justification of the individual rights and the community as a whole adds more weight to the extent of attention paid in maintaining human rights. Authorities in the contemporary politics have an understanding that human rights imposes positively to their pick up of power and effectiveness in law implementation hence most of the leaders should formulate legislative laws that turn over the people the freedom and the right to universal vision and contribution in political issues.Also, in an effort to legitimize authority in current politics, the state leave alone have to stand up and obtain the universality and morals of human rights indicating that their political concern is not entirely based on go down and power, but emanates from their primary concern to retain the dignity and rights of the human beings. Considering the legislative role that military personnel assumes in politics, the authorities should embrace the concept of human rights doctrine and pursue to p romote high maintenance of human rights to present the people with better living conditions.This is because human rights initiate the orientation and demand certain goods that leave out political justification hence guiding the actions undertaken in contemporary politics. Furthermore in the past, human rights took the leading role in revolution activism the alike(p) case applies to contemporary politics whereby the positive the authorities see put on maintaining human rights the faster they leave behind be able to expand their democratic control and command audience of the people.Therefore, since democracy in politics and human rights directly relate, democratizing the lives of the people and establishing lasting restrictive measures would go into creating political order and eliminating the ambiguity that politics has on the identity of humans (Neocleous 2006 p. 135). Alternatively, obligation to establishing and maintaining human rights should be emphasized, not just as for u pholding the values of the society and mankind but leaders in the contemporary political world need to view human rights as political so that they will continue to defend and formulate new ones in favour of the people they govern.Satisfaction of the people through human rights- oriented politics involves the authorities appreciating the diversity of the peoples culture, understand peoples views, realize the other value of an individual apart from political persuasion and commit to the democracy of the community allowing them to contribute to the general contest for political power(Nash 2010 p. 53).The best response and support showed by the people to their political leaders emerges from their willingness to pascent their own values, their role in the community, listen to the plight of the people, exclude favouritism and exploitation in their political hierarchy and utilize their personal privileges in power to improve the lives of the people. This practically justifies how deep th e importance of human rights relates to contemporary politics and so the need to deduce stringent policies that govern the authorities in dispersing their duties in the political setting.The Human Rights council and the International Criminal Court fall under the few international bodies realised to direct and penalize the actions of contemporary political leaders in an effort to maintain the rights of humans. Abuse of human rights results to tension between the authorities and the people further disrupting the already acknowledge international rights and laws governing the same hence political instability (Baehr 1994 p. 60). Consequently the probing of the ICC, leads to positive pitch in the doctrine of human rights as the government and political body abusing the rights of man face tough penalties.Despite these changes emanating from negative political conduct, many ascertain their success and relevance in ensuring that peoples apology from greedy and selfish governance thus IC C has gone further to increase the penalties tied to the practice of politics in the contemporary setting to stamp down the political crime against humanity and the common cases of genocide. Despite the cry, for better leadership authorities through contemporary politics continue to violate the rights of humans leaving humanity the remedy to seal the gap between the political reality and the democracy of a secure future for the people.Addressing the depth of this issue reflecting back to the controversies in United States of the Abu Ghraib Prison and The Guantanamo Bay prisoners (Johari 1991 p. 26) theres need to address the relevant problems surrounding the fight for human rights and public display of political awareness through varied avenues like websites. Moreover, the common man can initiate the activism to retain the rights of humans through the family unit and the community which ultimately give rise to the leaders in the contemporary world.Direct campaigns on equality and i mportance of human rights need more boost in creating educative awareness and affirmative action guiding the conduct of authorities in the modern world politics in relation to protecting the interests of the common helpless man. Since poor humanity directly reflects on global change, theres need to cultivate the spirit of togetherness between the community and the political structures present in order to improve the living conditions of people and the growing generation(Symonides 2003 p. 8). Other propel factors that push for the maintenance of human rights arise from the fear of denial from existence. The denial of human rights supports brutality in the regime of contemporary politics, therefore, to counteract this fear from becoming reality there should be incorporation of human rights policies in political debates in the contemporary politics paired with their respective penalties in case of intrusion (Baehr 1994 p. 6). Political leaders in contemporary politics continue to sou rce out dubious avenues to douse observing such rights hence the need for the United Nations Program on human rights to effect change in contemporary politics through legitimate arguments and conferences with the relevant political bodies, humanitarian representatives and authorities.Conclusively, without pressure on appeals made to effect and maintain human rights, authorities, in the democratic political world, would continue to argue and overlook the desirable quality of human existence. Subsequently freedom and equality in terms of speech and sharing of resources respectively, would become less meaningful in comparison to the benefits that human rights induces in politics hence sooner of politics contributing to nation building the result would only push for the eradication of human existence.Therefore, despite the efforts made by international bodies to promote and maintain human rights, the common man also needs to start human rights activism from the grass root level to m erge the two(the family or community with the political unit). This will go into fostering a positive political weather and educative awareness of self protection against abuse (Steiner Alston 2000 p. 55) that ultimately sums up to the minimum efforts towards maintaining human rights to sustain humanity.

Disraelis policy during the Bulgarian Crisis of 1876 Essay Example for Free

Disraelis insurance policy during the Bulgarian Crisis of 1876 EssayTo what finis was blends religious belief the driving force behind his attempt to sabotage Disraelis policy during the Bulgarian Crisis of 1876?Of entirely the Bulgarian atrocities perhaps the greatest1 was the label Disraeli ascribed to portmanteau words 1876 nerve tract The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, which concentrated into a single utterance a profoundly excited public mood struggling for articulation.2 With the publication of this pamphlet, blend effectively undermined Disraelis policy of sure support for the Turks in the face of the Bulgarian massacres, and emerged at the caput of the Bulgarian Agitation. The popular pressure that ensued at last forced Disraeli to abandon any overt military support of the Ottoman Empire, and to declargon neutrality in the issue. While the consequences of portmanteaus action are known, his reasons for involving himself in the debate are cal l forionable. Gladstones fervent religious beliefs could permit provided the important impetus for his involvement, but other arguments, such as his intervention being an anti-Conservative political strategy, are perhaps more plausible given an exami demesne of the evidence.In examining this issue, it is important to understand the depth of contempt that Gladstone and Disraeli held for each others foreign policy. It was non their principles that differed both believed in a policy of non-intervention in atomic number 63an personal matters except for in those that could impact British interests. However, their methods were entirely different. Disraeli believed very industrial-strengthly in the ruling even out and superiority of the established aristocracy in Britain, and this certainly transferred across to his foreign policy, as illustrated by his instant of Austrian aristocratic Habsburg rule in Italy in 1851. He tangle that Britain had a duty to Europe as the wealthiest and most powerful Empire, and that this would best be served by preserving British influence and furthering the spread of the British Empire.Gladstone also wished to preserve British interests, but often found this to conflict with his nationalism, sympathy with the inviolable rights of smaller nations to their nationhood3. In cost of Italy, therefore, Gladstone could non support Austrian rule because it contravened his nationalistic beliefs, nonwithstanding the feature that Habsburg domination could choose proved more beneficial to Britain. This is mirrored in his stance in the arbitration of the Alabama settlement Gladstone appeared to capitulate to American demands as opposed to supporting British interests, as he believed that it was the most moralistic course of action. It was from these remainders that the deep opposition to each others foreign policy was born. Disraeli saw Gladstones policy as counter-productive in terminals of British interests, accusing him of wantin g to dismantle the Empire, opus Gladstone found Disraeli to be far too much of an imperialist and insensitive to the rights of foreign nations.Disraeli not only poured scorn on Gladstones foreign affairs, but also dis resemblingd his dogmatic religion. It is possible that the youthful focus on Gladstone as a highly religious politician was brought slightly by Disraelis very public attacks on his fervent religious beliefs. Disraeli held nothing but scorn for Gladstones religion, and talked with disdain of him ceaselessly preaching, praying, speechifying or scribbling4. For Disraeli, Gladstone used his religion to mask his true intentions to appear pious while in reality manipulating and manoeuvring his way through politics. Perhaps it is Disraelis emphasis on ridiculing Gladstones religious beliefs that has inspired the concept that he was graduation exercise and foremost a highly religious man.However, the general consensus is that Gladstones Evangelical upbringing take to a strong sense of religious morality that could be state to have permeated all aspects of his life, including his politics. In modern Britain it would rarely be expected for a Prime Minister to admit to religion colouring their policies as Alastair Campbell magnificently declared, we dont do God. Blairs revelation that he ultimately looked to religion for his decision in declaring war on Iraq was frowned upon by many who felt that personal beliefs and convictions should not have an impact on decisions that will affect livelong countries. However, in the far more religious Britain of 1876 this was not so controversial. Religious issues permeated every aspect of life, including integrity and politics.The attitudes of the day are polish offly demonstrated in the Bradlaugh Case, in which confirmed atheist and elected MP for Northampton Charles Bradlaugh was barred from taking up his parliamentary seat because of his refusal to take the religious Oath of Allegiance ask for entry. Thi s issue was disputed regularly in parliament, showing the height of religious feeling of the time. Gladstone in particular made no secret of his religion, or of his beliefs that it was entirely applicable to politics. In his book The severalize in its Relations to the Church (1838), Gladstone raised the idea that religion and politics were i adjacentricably joined the Church was the conscience of the State, while the State had a duty to lend its consistent, unwavering support to the Anglican Church. Although his views later changed to reject the exclusivity of the Church of England, throughout his life he retained the belief that religion should be firmly ingrained in the running of the country.Gladstones beliefs caused him to take an ethical stance in foreign policy, which contrasted greatly with Disraelis firmly imperialist Beaconsfieldism that attempted to secure the best outcome for Britain, sentiments that prefigured the practical criticism of mixing religion and politics tod ay. Disraeli and Gladstone held the greatest of contempt for each other in their foreign affairs, each believe the others policy to be entirely nonsensical and unworkable, attitudes that stemmed from their differing interests.While Disraeli held British interests at heart, Gladstone had a catholic largeness of vision and sympathy embracing Europe as a cultural and ghostlike community5 stemming from his views on the unity of the Christian church, and believed that European affairs should be conducted with the best interests of the community at heart. Although Disraeli felt that it was necessary to support the Turks scorn their actions in Bulgaria in order to deter Russia from gaining power on filth on the pretext of moral intervention, Gladstone would have found this inexcusable according to his personal moral code and European sense, principally derived from the intense fervour of his Christianity6 as Magnus perceptively states, Gladstone felt that Disraelis indication of Britis h interests excluded considerations of justice, or of humanity7.It was not only Gladstones European sense that would have rendered support of the Turks inexcusable, but the very character of the events taking place in Bulgaria. Gladstone consistently cast himself as a moral crusader in his policies, particularly regarding Ireland and in his opposition and criticisms of Beaconsfieldism. Following the brutal massacre of 15,000 Bulgarians, Jenkins argument that the moral Gladstone was spontaneously seized with a emotional sympathy for the sufferings of the Balkan Christian communities8 seems plausible.Gladstone would most likely have been indignant by Disraelis initial denial of the rumours of the massacres, already believing Disraelis foreign policy to be aggressive, expensive and unprincipled. However, abbot refutes Jenkins claims in stating that the part playedby Gladstones high moral principles has tended to be exaggerated9, and states that the vast majority of his moral outbursts in terms of foreign policy were made when he was in opposition. As a moral stance in foreign policy was a common one for the opposition to take at the time, this indicates that Gladstones intervention was mayhap not entirely fuelled by religion.Gladstones role as a cabinet minister during the Crimean War could have provided another factor in his intervention. The accordance of Paris that brought the war to a close increased the unavoidableness for co-operation inside the concert of Europe, as it had substituted a European conscience expressed by the collective ensure and concerted action of the European powers10 for a pre-Crimean war guarantee of the resistance of Christian minorities by the Russians. joker had promised better treatment for the Christians of the Ottoman Empire, and Gladstone felt morally obliged to ensure that the terms of the Treaty were not breached, particularly with reference to the fosterion of the Balkan Christians. Following Russias breach of the Black Sea clauses in 1870, Gladstone was even more determined to ensure that the European Concert continued to function in its protection of the minorities.It seems unconvincing that Gladstone wanted to preserve the terms of the Treaty of Paris for purely political reasons, as the maintenance of the balance of power within Europe required Russia to be contained, not encouraged to boom into the Balkans supposedly in order to protect the inhabitants. It is possible then that Gladstone intervened for the same reason as the Russians gave in order to protect the Christians from an alien nation with an alien religion that mistreated them. A precedent from his pamphlet gives a clear indication of his attitude towards the Turks Their Zaptiehs and their Mudirs, their Bimbashis and their Yuzbashis, their Kaimakams and their Pashas, one and all, bag and baggage, shall I hope clear out from the province they have desolated and profaned11.While this has racist overtones, it is difficult to determi ne whether this is due to a difference in religion. Jenkins raises the possibility that Gladstone could have felt sympathetic towards the Christians, but quashes it with the statement that Gladstone was stronger on the rhetoric of indignation than on detailed knowledge of what was happening in the Balkans12, never having visited the area or displayed any previous interest in it. Indeed, on the subject of previous massacres of Christians, Gladstone had remained suspiciously quiet, despite episodes like the massacre of the Maronite Christians in 1860 which left between 7,000 and 11,000 dead. It seems unlikely that a wild desire to protect those of the same religion only appeared during this particular occurrence, particularly as Gladstone failed to intervene when the news of the massacres initially broke, waiting another two months to bring himself into the limelight.Although Feuchtwanger claims that Gladstones life in politics was a constant quest for God13, the historians emphasis o n Gladstone as a singularly moral, religious politician is overly simplistic, and does not take into account Gladstones practical, political nature. There is an obvious practical angle for Gladstones participation in the Bulgarian Agitation propping up a declining Ottoman Empire was not a viable long term policy for Britain. The tradition of Palmerstonian foreign policy supported Turkish rule in the East, partially in order to maintain a balance of power in Europe, but mostly as a matter of self-interest in order to protect trade routes in the Mediterranean. Particularly following the Crimean War, the amplification of a hostile Russia would have been detrimental to British trade and to British power and influence within Europe. In the short term a strong Turkey would act as an efficient restriction to Russian expansion, but the Ottoman Empire had become increasingly corrupt and weak the Bulgarian uprise and subsequent massacre was not the only such occurrence.Moreover, overtly su pporting the Ottomans would anger the Dreikaiserbund of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia although it was best not to allow the alliance of these three countries to grow too powerful, neither was it sensible to pursue a policy of mindless support for the Turks whose influence was already declining. Prior to the confirmation of the truth of the massacres, Disraeli, advised by the pro-Turkish British ambassador Elliot, had made moves towards supporting the Turks against Russia, and even went so far as to dismiss the rumours of the massacres as coffee berry house babble. In sabotaging Disraelis policy by stirring up public opinion, Gladstone effectively circumscribed the options open to the prime minister and possibly prevented him from forming a dangerous alliance with Turkey.Furthermore, it has been suggested that Gladstone in fact saw a better settlement to the problem of Russian expansion than bolstering Turkey. From his attitudes towards Italy it is clear that Gladstone favou red nationalism, and believed that all people had the right to national self-determination. Blake claims that Gladstone was hostile to any diverseness of forward policy14, an unnecessarily acetous statement from the pro-Disraeli biographer in fact, in supporting nationalism, Gladstone proposed a solution ahead of his time.The insane asylum of Balkan states was the solution used in 1935 to contain Russia, but it would have been equally applicable here. It could be argued that Gladstone was contradicting Disraelis policy because he could see a flaw in the argument. It is evident from his pamphlet that he wanted the Turks withdraw from Bulgaria, but further to this, Magnus claims that he repeatedly urged that the matter should be taken out of Russian hands15 and that this was a solution more realistic16 than Disraelis. Ever politically expedient, Gladstone intended to attack British support of the Turks as well as advocating Russian containment, reasserting the balance of power in Europe.Of course, it is entirely possible that Gladstone was but launching a direct attack on the policies of the government without any real moral or religious reasoning. A response not born out of righteous indignation or passionate sympathy for the suffering of the Bulgarians but of an attempt to make the government appear weak or hard led would explain his delay in joining the Agitation.Gladstones particular rivalry with Disraeli would have provided motive replete for such an attack the two men held the greatest contempt for each other, stemming from the repeal of the Corn Laws and the tide rip of the Conservative party in 1846. Although their practical aims were often remarkably similar in foreign affairs, their ideologies differed vastly and each held the others principles in utter contempt. It would not be beyond the bounds of rational thought to stand that in sabotaging Disraelis policy the only thing that Gladstone intended to do was to make him look like a fool.It c ould be argued that even in this there was a religious motivation. Disraelis Jewish background has led to the suggestion that his anti-Russian foreign policy had more to do with anti-Christian feeling. Feuchtwanger claims that Gladstone was aware of this and distrusted Disraeli for it all his deep suspicions about Disraeli were aroused he now even suspected him of being influenced by Judaic sympathy for the Turks and execration of Christians17, although Blake dismisses such suspicions as absurd18. At a stretch, the poor relationship of the two politicians could also be said to have its roots in their differing religious views. Gladstone may have resented Disraelis conversion from Judaism to Christianity, which could be construe as only having been undertaken for social gain and not true faith.Shannon suggests that Gladstones return to the political arena could have been for selfish reasons that he wanted to restore his bond of moral rapport with the masses19 and adds that it was l ess a object lesson of Gladstone exciting popular pressure than popular pressure exciting Gladstone20 rather than Gladstone carefully crafting his attack on Disraeli, he merely saw an opportunity to join the virtuous passion21 sweeping the nation and manipulate it to his advantage. Again, this would explain the delay between the beginning of the Agitation and Gladstones involvement. His action in publishing the pamphlet drew him back to the forefront of political life, and his continuing focus on the Midlothian campaign throughout the next four years was an important factor in ensuring his re-election as Prime Minister in 1880. many an(prenominal) historians agree with Shannons interpretation that Gladstone wanted to reforge his links with.mass audiences22, but disagree on the reasoning for this. Shannon and Blake are both of the opinion the Gladstone simply seized upon the opportunity to take part ina moral crusade23 in an attempt to inject himself back into the contemporary poli tical field. Although the consequences of his action suggest that this is a realistic motive, and that he could have chosen to speak out against Disraeli to ensure his own self-advancement, this does seem unlikely considering Gladstones character Blakes word-painting of Gladstone is excessively negative, probably due to his pro-Disraeli sentiments.The perhaps more reliable Jenkins contradicts these claims of intervention for self-advancement, as It did not follow that what he did was contrived for his own convenience24 and claiming that he was driven on Bulgaria by the same sort of elemental force which had seized him at the time of his Neapolitan pamphlets25. This is a far more accurate appraisal given the evidence Gladstone constantly looked to his moral principles in seeking to do what was best for Britain and for Europe, and it seems unlikely that he would have stirred up such a commotion merely to return himself to the forefront of political affairs.Shannon states that Gladst ones first love had been the Church, and to the Church he remained ever faithful26, but despite the politicians overt Christianity historians are unable to agree on the extent to which his religion impacted his policies. In terms of his reaction to the Bulgarian Atrocities alone, numerous theories have been put forward as to the cause his animosity towards Disraeli, his strong belief in nationalism, a wish to unite with the masses protesting a cause. Although these theories are superficially disparate, a closer scrutiny reveals that they are all underpinned by Gladstones strong sense of morality. This morality caused him to reject Disraelis policies as unprincipled, to campaign for the creation of the Balkan states and to view Europe as a spiritual community that Britain had an obligation to protect and preserve. Ultimately, Gladstones politics were prompt by morality a morality derived from his fundamental, unwavering religious beliefs.1 Blake, R., Disraeli, St. Martins, 1967, p.6 022 Shannon, R.T., Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation 1876, Nelson, 1963, p.1103 Abbot, B.H., Gladstone and Disraeli, Collins, 1986, p.9545 Shannon, R.T., Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation 1876, Nelson, 1963, p.46 Shannon, R.T., Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation 1876, Nelson, 1963, p.57 Magnus, P., Gladstone, Penguin Books, 2001, p.2408 Jenkins, R., Gladstone, Macmillan, 2002, p.4019 Abbot, B.H., Gladstone and Disraeli, Collins, 1986, p.2210 Magnus, P., Gladstone, Penguin Books, 2001, p.23911 Feuchtwanger, E.J., Gladstone, British semipolitical Biography, 1975, p.18312 Jenkins, R., Gladstone, Macmillan, 2002, p.40413 Feuchtwanger, E.J., Gladstone, British Political Biography, 1975, p.1314 Blake, R., Disraeli, St Martins, 1967, p.76015 Magnus, P., Gladstone, Penguin Books, 2002, p.24116 Ibid.17 Feuchtwanger, E.J., Gladstone, British Political Biography, 1975, p.18118 Blake, R., Disraeli, St Martins, 1967, p.60019 Shannon, R.T., Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation, 1876, Nelson, 1963, p.1320 Ibid. p.11021 Ibid. p.10722 Jenkins, R., Gladstone, Macmillan, 2002, p.40623 Blake, R., Disraeli, St Martins, 1967, p.60024 Jenkins, R., Gladstone, Macmillan, 2002, p.40125 loc. cit.26 Shannon, R.T., Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation 1876, Nelson, 1963, p.3

Soft Drinks Essay Example for Free

meek Drinks EssaySoft drink consumption has increased substantially over the last 50 days and it has been established that using large amounts of soft drinks regularly can be detrimental to your health. If used in moderation soft drinks can have some beneficial effectuate on your body. caffeine Benefits Caffeine is a stimulant that is found in soft drinks. It large amounts can have detrimental effects on your health but it also has numerous benefits. Caffeine stimulates your central nervous system, helps breakdown sebaceous acids in your liver, boost your mood and alleviate headaches. People who regularly ingest caffeine are slight likely to develop Parkinsons disease, colon cancer, gallstones, and cirrhosis of the liver. Sponsored Links 5 Foods you must not eat abscission down a bit of stomach fat every day by never take these 5 foods. Trimdownclub. com carbonate Water change water is a primary ingredient of soft drinks. Carbonated water was created by Joseph Priestly in the year 1767 and has since proven to have many benefits for the gastrointestinal tract.Carbonated water eases stomachaches, quells nausea and has been proven to alleviate constipation. sodium Benefits Sodium is another product found in soft drinks. Sodium is an important mineral found in almost all natural foods. Sodium helps your body retain water, helps avoid and treat muscle cramps, keeps electrolyte balance, prevents the effects of aging of your skin and prevents your the drop of your rent pressure.Sponsored Links Read more http//www. livestrong. com/article/260283-what-are-the-benefits-of-soft-drinks.

Perspectives on conflicts and disputes Essay Example for Free

Perspectives on meshs and disputes EssayLegal positivists postulate that soulfulnesss ar intrinsic completelyy greedy, which is the master(prenominal) root of conflicts among them. Thomas Hobbes posits that macrocosms argon goddam to dispute because of their primeval nature, which is deduced to self-lovingness that causes them to struggle to maintain their social status. In this milieu, Charles Darwin furthered this stance by conjecturing that species selfish shipway are embedded to their divisors because life is nonhing solely a struggle for survival.To curtail this selfishness, law is of essential because only it provides rules and restrictions to protect the provoke and upholds the rights of each individual. The advance handst on the epistemological aspect of conflict starts at the ontogenetic pattern of the specie and continues in its phylogenetic condition. Ontogenetic state means that the creation develops from the liking of its genes up to the end of its l ife cycle. Conversely, phylogenetic event transpires in among of the beings conception and death, pith the individual develops throughout the sentence it exists.Therefore, Homo sapiens belowstanding of conflicts anatomy begins at phylogenetic level and its full comprehension happens when Homo sapiens reaches the end of ontogenetic level. The epistemic acquisition of conflicts thrives in homo playground or to events and settings that necessitates human actions and interactions. Conflicts undergo a succession that perpetually exists within the life- creative activity of beings such(prenominal) as their surroundings, environment, politics, business, science, etc. Having drawn this conclusion, we bottom of the inning infer that in existing innumerable of conflicts there is a myriad of ways of resolving it.Conflict is impossible to annihilate because of the following intellects first, it thrives at the very burden of human volition, which is the initiation of human selfishness, and second, it has been part of human psyche to transfer it from one generation to the other, which resulted to a vicious cycle within the epistemic system of conflict. And throughout history, individuals have learned the art of conflict, and rough even mastered the usage of conflict in their every sidereal day works. Handling conflict is very rattling to human creative activity because it can totally change the landscape of ones make existence.The attack of twentieth century proved that beings are becoming much and to a greater extent aware of how to comprehend the core group details of conflict, and what are the effective means of handling conflicts. There is no panacea that will medicate continuous existence of conflict, but humans strive to find a better solution to play the needs of a prominent conflict because they are challenged by the difficulty it embodies. It moldiness be far-famed that conflict is getting more complicated as time passes by, which means that bet ter solution must(prenominal)(prenominal) be concocted to counter-attack more severe problem.The vastness of the universe implies a far more serious condition because the contingency of the world can necessitate an unvalued conflict, which greatly needs a novel constructs or to put it simply, man has to go out of the box to resolve a new or un copen prevailing issue. This kind of conflict serves a greater challenge to human reason because it is something that our very reason has non yet encountered. The enigmatic characteristic of such new issues demands transcendence in our modestness. Using Karl Marx philosophical stance, we can infer that conflict has a crisis-response formula or a thesis-antithesis pattern.Multiplicity of conflicts has evolved into a more complex manner within the continuum of time, as well as the individual effort to manage and to iron out it. In order for a human specie to understand the mechanism of conflict, he/she must know its intrinsic values, and in doing so, he/she can decipher appropriate solution for different conflicts. The epicentre of conflict lies on the innate nature of man and its solution lies on the rules that have been drawn to curb the inherent operation of human volition.Development is the life-source of conflict, ironically speaking, the more we formulate means to make life easier the more we recognize new conflicts. In the primeval condition of humanity the only existing problem is the source of food, and then it further develops into the issue of territory, and finally when men resolved these issues some other conflict sprouted when they realise the significance of property. The birth of science and technology intensified the mans struggle to annihilate conflicts. cognizance and technology successfully medicated the prevailing conflicts of our society but it also paved for the birth of novel conflicts, and in some condition aggravated an existing issue. As of this modern day period, science and technolog y provides a myriad of solutions in human crises in the field of poverty, education and medicine. But it also exacerbates war between nations because technology brings forth weaponry of mass destruction. Man by Nature is Selfish fit in to Richard Dawkins institution in his book The Selfish Gene, mans attitude is greatly affected and designed by our genetic composition.Our genes made us. We animals exist for their preservation and are nothing more than their throwaway survival machines. The world of the selfish gene is one of savage competition, ruthless exploitation, and deceit. But what of the acts of apparent altruism found in nature the bees who commit suicide when they sting to protect the hive, or the birds who warn the flock of an approaching slope? Do they contravene the fundamental law of gene selfishness? At the onset of Dawkins book, he clearly stipulated that all species either man or animals are machines fashioned by their genetic design.As mentioned earlier, Hobbes believes that men are naturally born selfish, and it is the same in Dawkins case. According to him, the selfishness of man is deeply embedded in our genes, and overdue to this we must learn the virtue of benignity and altruism because if we failed to do so, men will perpetually live on catastrophic state. Dawkins stance must not be misconstrued as an ethical justification of human behaviour or a moral treatise that must be followed since his insight is loud and clear that men are selfish because of their genes, no more, no less.Having said this, it is a challenge for us to control it if not exterminate it because we are the only species who can desired to do it. In the furtherance of mans selfish genes, Dawkins incorporated Darwins biological conjecture that man is doomed for the battle of its own survival. However, the antecedent believes that survival is not controlled by man rather man is machinated by genes to strive for its own survival. The genes are the building blocks of human existence, it is the one that created us, and these genes even dictates how we should reason out.Men are innately selfish for the mend reason of life preservation or prolongation. They are willing to do everything just to guarantee that their interests are satisfied. Satisfaction of interest is tantamount to the validation of one existence. This is the embodiment of human existence, chaotic and full of struggle. The artifice of individual is further elucidated by Dawkins through his explanation of gene mechanism. Dawkins adopted G. C. Williams definition of genes, which stated that gene any portion of chromosomal material that potentially last for enough generations to serve as a unit of natural selection .The deoxyribonucleic acid (desoxyribonucleic acid) of man thrives within our body. It must be noted that DNA is not contained in a particular body parts rather it is widely disseminated within our cells. well-nigh speaking, a human body is made of a thousand million cells , and each of these cells contains an exact blueprint of all DNA in our body. The significance of the ontogenetic control of genes is its capability of self-continuation and self-propagation, meaning, genes can preserve itself under the condition of numerous struggles.The survival of genes lies on the efficiency and power of our corporeal body, which they inhabit for its own development. The existence of each human species is not everlasting, it is ephemeral. Dawkins uses an analogy wherein each card in a deck re dumbfounds the genes. According to him, when a deck of card are being shuffled they undergo a process of survival. And this process of survival is exactly the mechanism of genes wherein every time they are shuffled a gene only assumes the position of another gene, instead of being destroyed, and after the shuffling process genes are still genes that continue to march on.Dawkins draws a conclusion from this analogy, which stated that genes are basically the replicators and w e are their machinery for survival. And when we have fulfilled our function we are automatically became useless, but gene will perpetuate its existence because it is a denizen of geological time . In view of that, Dawkins also posits that gene is the basic unit of survival because it competes for its own preservation against their alleles for a one-armed bandit in the chromosome.With this picture, we can infer that genes struggle for survival of future generation in the gene pot in the expense of its own alleles. Therefore, selfishness is indeed the fundamental foundation of selfishness. The genes are the master programmers, and they are computer programming for their lives. They are pass judgmentd according to the success of their programs in copying with all the hazards that life throws at their survival machines, and the judge is the ruthless judge of the court of survival . This phrase only strengthened Dawkins claims that man is nothing but a machinery of genes for its own survival.As pointed earlier, man is different from other specie because a human being has a will power and reason, meaning man can go against the dictate of its gene i. e. a person can choose not to reproduce. In addition, reason has its own domain wherein it has the capability to evade habitual operation of gene machine, to envisage what lies beyond its own future, and most significantly, to act according to its own course of nature. Because of rationality, gene machinery is able to be in command of outlining what direction individuals must follow.Rationality can curtail the dictate of gene, meaning, a person can transcend his/her selfishness and reach the condition of being magnanimous and altruistic. The emancipation of man from his selfish nature is only possible if and only if he succumb himself to an agreement. existence established that human beings to be innately selfish also indicate that they are self-regulating. But generosity and altruism can only be actualized if th e self-regulating beings surrender their self-regulating prowess.Selfishness is the anti-thesis of the said virtues but because of rationality human beings will submit to an agreement to satisfy the insufficiency of self-regulation. The universal antidote for this insufficiency is the plait of law through its rules. In the vein of Hobbes social withdraw theory, man must give in to an agreement to restrain his natural tendencies, but he must only surrender to a contract if and only if others will surrender to it in equal footing. But in the provision of rules it is a requisite to understand the intricate schema of conflict. The Role of RulesIn Using Conflict Theory, Otomar Bartos and Paul Wehr claim that in the wide range of epistemic knowledge regarding conflicts there are 2 guiding rationales that must be comprehended one, to concentrate on general theories, and second, to carry out these theories on a simplified fashion. The causation necessitate an application of theories t o innumerable types of conflicts. While the latter focuses on the specific arguments or application of the former. angiotensin converting enzyme good example of general theories is elucidation of poverty in the third world countries using the role model of dialectical materialism by Marx.If we convert this general theory into a simplified manner, one must look at the specific causes of poverty such as shortage of natural resources, lack of capital, misallocation of funds, join and corruption, and the likes. If one is successful in outlining the appropriate general theories in an existing conflict, then he/she translates these theories in its simplified form. And if this will be the case, then concoction of rules will be easier. Rules must embody the principle of the entire society and it must cater to the needs of its citizenry. Rules can be perceived in two ways Kantian or utilitarian.Immanuel Kant posits that rules must be made in the context of universal imperative, meaning it must not be used as means of advancing ones interest rather it must be created for its own sake and for the goodness and betterment of humanity. In lieu to this, Utilitarian advocates such as J. S. Mill argues that rules must be conceptualized in the essence of achieving the goodness of the majority and resulting to the drudgery of best consequences. Kant postulates that a rule must be encompassing and must not reside on the band wagon of majority votes because it contradicts the reason of man, and because number of votes does not imply truth.For example, killing another being is morally unjustified is a universal rule because it affirms the importance of life, which is true to all beings. Conversely, J. S. Mill believes that rules are justified if and only if the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people is reached. But it must be noted that utilitarian theory also entails a qualitative measurement through the intensity and time of happiness, meaning, it must have grea ter impact to the society and its intensity must last for the longest time if not forever.For example, death penalty can be either permissible or impermissible depending on the context of society, but the point is, morally justifiability of death penalty lies on majority votes since it can serve the interest of more people. There are voluminous conflicting issues regarding these theories because both of them are in organic opposition. Kant rejects utilitarianism because it does not uphold a consensual quest for universal truth and it only served the interests of the majority of race in a given social context.On the other hand, utilitarian advocates refute the Kantian theories because of its impossibility or tedious system in knowing the universal truth. But in the modern day period, utilitarian theories are more adopted than Kantian theory because it is more feasible in creating rules for present conflicts and for future conflicts. In most cases, before a rule can be ratified it must undergo an election and must meet certain number of votes to quantify its validity i. e. three-fourths of the balloting population or majority votes.But it must be noted that most rules fashioned in utilitarian perspective must follow a universal precept so that it will not contradict the constitution of a specific nation. For example, murder is universally not accepted, which one of the reason wherefore death penalty is not easy to endorse because it contradicts a universal precept, though some countries provided an liable exemption on the matter, killing will still be universal precept that they must consider. Rules main goal is to promote the interest of every individual as possible as it can, and to restrict the selfish ways of human beings, in order to maintain an ordered society.Because of this guideline, law has delineated the scope of exoteric and private sphere to guarantee the possibility of generosity and altruism. Public sphere is far more higher-ranking to the private sphere because the former promotes national interest and the welfare of the entire populace. Law provides countless rules to beef up the supremacy of public sphere, which is the apparent implication on the significance of reason. Rules are the product of our reason to rear against the dictate of our selfish genes. In the furtherance of rules, justice must be encapsulated in its formulation to ensure an effective implementation of it.

Having Our Say Essay Example for Free

Having Our Say EssaySarah and Bessie Delany were extraordinary women. They were very intelligent, kind, yet feisty women. Sarah and Bessie Delany were very close sisters and lived to be one hundred and four and one hundred and nine years of age. The Delany sisters were able to live spacious because of the way they lived their career. Over all these two women lived a good life and had two loving, caring, and wise parents to sustain who they have become in our American history, but life for The Delany sisters was not always easy they go most many hardships to have the respect they do today. In the book Having Our Say The Delany Sisters First 100 historic period The Delany sisters faced many challenges because they were sheltered, educated and black African American females. The Delany sisters grew up at saint Augustines teach in Raleigh, NC. The Delany family was a very religious family and tried to follow all the rules to bread and butter a good sinful life (56, 57). Bein g in their early twenties the Delany sisters world only lie of enshrine Augs college and vote downtown Raleigh. They only have visited two places Yak, Virginia and Fernandina, Florida (115).Henry Delany the sisters father was the first pick out African American bishop of the apostolic churches (3). Therefore the Delany children were look highly upon and the Delany sisters were very sheltered growing up. Bessie talked about how sheltered and clueless she and Sadie were when she made the statement, Our childhood years were so protected, we didnt have but the vaguest flavor of what sex. We had a neighbor who said to us once, You girls are so green, its no wonder those cows dont mistake you for grass and gobble you up. (84).The Delany sisters didnt live like normal kids. They military service raise their seven younger brother and sisters, and wasnt aloud to go anywhere off Saint Augs campus without supervision. Living in the city of Raleigh when the Delany sisters became young women in their mid twenties they last moved to New York after visiting a few time. The two sisters were afraid and didnt sleep with how to talk to men without feeling uncomfortable they were very educated and disciplined, but when it came to having streets smarts they lack a isthmus of that (111).Sadie had one guy friend name frank who took liking to her and her father was not very well-disposed of him and forbidden Sadie from seeing him again. Bessie said I suppose Lemuel and Papa thought they were doing the right thing by Sadie, forbidding her to see frank anymore, but I dont think was right. She was a great(p) woman. She should have had a say (121). The Delany sisters turned out fine, but if they werent so sheltered life could have gone a little smoother for them.In the early 1900s it was very antiquated for any African Americans to have any education beyond high school. All the Delany children went to college and got the education. Sadie Delany graduated from Saint Aug in 1910 and in the same year got her first teaching job working for Wake County unrestricted schools in North Carolina (112,113). A few years later Bessie graduated from Saint Augs and got a job on the button like her sister in Boardman, NC. In 1913 Bessie went to Brunswick, GA to teach at an Episcopal school for African American children (130).In 1915 the Delany sisters took their first trip to New York City and fell in love with the big city (139). The Delany sisters moved there in to further there education. Sadie faced problems when she started school in New York. Sadie said I had a difficult time at first, because I authentically had to scramble in courses like chemistry. That was a problem for a lot of colored students. Often, our early training was not as good as the white students because colored schools had no money. (149) Many whites labeled blacks as dumb.Sadie didnt get a grade that she deserved in her chemistry class, and the teacher was lancinate against her. The Del any sisters had to prove that they were capable of learning and succeeding just as much as white mountain were, and it was already hard for them because they were black, but existence a black female made it almost unachievable to be taken seriously. Being a black person in America was hard living and worse being black and living in the south than anywhere else especially after the Jim boast laws were passed.The Delany sisters took trips often to the drug store Bessie said I was not a crying child, except when it came to being treated badly because of my race, like when they wouldnt serve us at the drug store envision (105). Being a black female back in that time they received worse disrespects than just being a black male. But if there were blacks that were lighter skinned they were treated somewhat weaken because they were close to looking white. Bessie said To be lighter-skinned was more desirable If you were very dark skinned you were looked down upon.We saw in our own fami ly that people treated the lighter-skinned children better. (106) Throughout the Delany sisters life they have had to go through the constant disrespect of race and discrimination. Having gone what the Delany sister went through they became wonderful, courageous, educated women. All the shinny they went through made them stronger and how they lived their life helped them live for as long as they did to tell their life obstacles and achievements.

Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons Essay Example for Free

Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons judgeOnce in the body, they are converted into arene oxides by cytochrome P. An arene oxide is a compound in which one of the twice bonds of the aromatic ring has been converted into an epoxide. The changing of the aromatic hydrocarbon into an epoxide forms a more water-soluble compound that sess be eliminated from the body. Arene oxides can respond in twain ways. They can undergo attack by a nucleophile to form addition products or rearrange to form a phenol. Some aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogens, heart and soul they can cause cancer.Investigations hand shown that hydrocarbons themselves are not carcinogenic, but the carcinogens are the oxidation products of the aromatic molecules. Nucleophiles react with epoxides to form addition products. 2-Deoxyguanosine, a component of DNA, has a nucleophilic NH? group that is known to react with current arene oxides. Once it attaches to an arene oxide, the 2-deoxyguanosine can no longer fit into the DN A. This results in the genetic code not being properly transcribed, which can lead to mutations that cause cancer.Arene oxides becoming carcinogenic depends on the assesss of its two reaction passs rearrangement and reaction with a nucleophile. When an arene oxide rearranges, it forms phenols which are not carcinogenic. However, the formation of two addition products from nucleophilic attack by DNA can be carcinogenic. If the rate of arene oxide rearrangement is faster the nucleophilic attack by DNA, the arene oxide is harmless. If the rates are the opposite way around the arene oxide is likely to be carcinogenic.The rate of arene oxide rearrangement depends on the stability of the carbocation formed in the rate determining step. So, an arene oxides cancer causing ability depends on the stability of the carbocation. If the carbocation is stable, the rate will be faster and therefore the arene oxide is less likely to be carcinogenic. If the carbocation is unstable, the rate will b e relatively boring and the arene oxide will more likely be attacked by nucleophiles. This leads to the possibility of carcinogens.After reading thoroughly by dint of the Organic Chemistry 5th Edition book by Paula Bruice, I must agree with the investigations that have proven aromatic hydrocarbons to be non-carcinogenic. It is kind of interesting that arene oxides become carcinogenic depending on the reaction pathway it takes. I would like to know what other, if any, factors may contribute to carcinogens being formed once aromatic hydrocarbons fancy the body