Philosophical Theories Essay

It can be thought that the very foundation of philosophy lies mainly on the person’s way of thinking influenced by the critical observation of his surroundings and how he stands as an existing entity (Thomas, 1990). In the education sector, the philosophies and theories in learning influence the overall teaching scope from the instructors to the students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Primarily, the teachers are the main initiators of interaction within the class. He designates the relative importance of education philosophies without even having to emphasize that he is going to use it. Sometimes, even the teacher himself is not really aware that interaction processes with the class already signify philosophical approaches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One example is Idealism. In this aspect, the teacher becomes the role model for the students who will project a character of having ethical and moral values as accorded by the society (Slater). The class then will have an advantage knowing that they could depend on a specific attribute to apply something â€Å"good† to their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another philosophy is Realism. In this facet, the teacher is able to signify what is to be found in nature by understanding the very essence of reality (Slater). This teaching scope will let the students become more aware of the natural world without the harm of having biased thoughts according to the teacher’s perception.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One more example of an education philosophy is pragmatism. This aspect also lets the teacher to learn together with the students (Slater). This will bring beneficial interaction by opening a larger avenue for two way communication which will help address the individual learning needs of each student. References Slater, T. N.D. Critique of Various Philosophies and Theories of Education. IJOT-Educational Philosophies http://www.ijot.com/papers/slater_educational_philosophies.pdf Thomas, W. 1990. What is Philosophy? The Atlas Society. Retrieved January 31, 2008 from http://www.objectivistcenter.org/cth–409-FAQ_Philosophy.aspx.

English Texts in Time Speech Manuscript Essay

As times change and transition into new eras and periods, one aspect remains constant, which are societal values due to the linearity of human nature. Similarities in the influences of the respective contexts of authors can be examined in texts that explore identical thematic concerns. Two authors and texts that can be used to demonstrate this include Mary Shelley’s didactic novel Frankenstein written in the early 19th century and, Ridley Scott’s film noir, Blade Runner (Directors Cut 1982). As though these two texts have been constructed in distinctive time periods, they share similar or juxtaposed content that convey parallel social values in both their cautionary tales.  By analyzing the congruent components embedded in characters or warnings in texts, it can be proven that societal norms are sustained even through the influence of distinctive time periods. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley uses the protagonist Victor as a representation of how society values individuality. She creates the didactic element in the text by Victor’s interaction with Walton. â€Å"Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge† exhibits how Victor realizes that his ulterior motive was ethically wrong and wishes to demonstrate to his fellow companion that shares the same â€Å"madness†. Walton’s character is created for the purpose of being compared to Victor. As Victor is the only one who experiences these consequences of blind and obsessive ambition develops him into a unique character, which can be reflected upon Mary Shelley’s context of the enlightenment. The enlightenment is a romantic era in the 19th century, which emphasizes reason and individuality, which is exploited in the character of Victor. Similarly, Eldon Tyrell in Blade Runner produces artificial human beings, the â€Å"Replicants† all for the purpose of his dominance in a scientific based commerce. Because of this Tyrell is represented as a dominant and wealthy character despite his stature. This by far demonstrating his individuality, which is further emphasized in his contrast to every other character in the film. Filmic devices such as lighting support this; such as when Tyrell is brought to the scene, natural light illuminates his body, which juxtaposes every other character of the film. Low angle camera shots of Tyrell also represent his superiority. By his creation of artificial life along with the motto of â€Å"more human than human†, he has embellished an ironic element to the text. This ironic element is how these artificial human beings begin to behave in a more humane way than actual humans depicted in the text. Blade Runner’s comment on this is influenced by Ridley Scott’s context of globalization, which is a concept that leads to the eradication of individuality which is shown in the depiction of humans as a globalized society that has been identically merged.  Both texts utilize their characters to portray how society values individuality. The creature in Frankenstein has an obsession for vengeance and acceptance due to his constant alienation. Throughout the text he never finds a true sense of acceptance. Roy, as well as the other replicants however shares an obsession for attaining a prolonged life span. These desires and experiences that transpire in the two creations of selfish ambitions reflect the nature of humanity. The creature is a pure being as he enters the world space that Mary Shelley materializes. â€Å"I was benevolent and good, misery made me a fiend, make me happy and I shall again be virtuous† this use of alliteration conveys the monsters cause of maliciousness as his own misery. This misery is caused by his treatment by society and how prejudice they are based on appearance. This portrays how society judges based on aesthetics. This can be reflected upon Mary Shelley’s context of Aestheticism, which is a period of emphasis on aesthetical value. As the monster is continually called loathsome and hideous, we muster sympathy towards him in his desire for acceptance in which he is continually denied. Which reflects societies value of difference. Conversely in Blade Runner Roy Batty, is â€Å"perfect† but yet audiences still manifest sympathy towards him. This is because of his final state of agony before his death. Roy asks a rhetorical question in eloquent manner, â€Å"Quite an experience to live in fear isn’t it? That’s what it’s like to be a slave† which is the point of when the audience begin to pity him even with his disoriented state. As Roy’s last fellow being Pris is â€Å"retired† he expresses his emotions, another factor that humans lack in film. His emotions are expressed through a howl simulating a wolf, which acts as a symbol of isolation. The term â€Å"retired† instead of more appropriate words like murder or kill in terms of the replicants shows clear distinction of treatment based on difference. This further hyperbolizes the presence of the societies value of judgment and difference in both texts. The treatment of the ideas of denaturalization that is present in texts from different times can juxtapose each other but still reflect the same social value. Both Mary Shelley and Ridley Scott capture a sense of nature through the world space they create in their texts. Mary Shelley shows more of a realization to the importance and beauty of nature and how it can act as a place of tranquility. This is done by the characters interactions with nature and how it nurtures the individual. â€Å"My spirits were elevated by the enchanting appearance of nature; the past was blotted from my memory, the present was tranquil,† depicts the creatures encounter with nature and its benefits. It reflects how society values nature, in her context of the beginning of the industrial revolution. In contrast Ridley Scott presents the full pessimistic perspective of denaturalization by creating a dystopian world space. With a landscape that is completely devoid of nature, it implies how society values nature.  The treatments of nature by these two composers are complete inverse but they still both reflect the same societal value of denaturalization. Even with the disconnection between Mary Shelley and Ridley Scott, they both produce texts with reflections to different contexts but similar social values. Through the comparison of characters and warnings intertwined in both texts it can be demonstrated that as times change, societal values are sustained. Both composers’ representations of social values both are demonstrated through the characters, cautions and world spaces they convey in their texts.

Contemporary Art Issues: Malay’s Identity in Lat’s Cartoon Essay

Definition of cartoon by David Low is: â€Å"A cartoon is a drawing, representational/symbolic, that makes a satirical, witty or humorous point,† (Muliyadi: 2008). Lat has been known for his contribution to Malaysia’s art scene and social impact through his cartoons, autobiography comics like The Kampung Boy which are sold all over the world. In this forum, we will see the importance of Lat character and the Malay culture which he bring along in his cartoons. Presented by Dr. Muliyadi Mahamood, Lat’s Malay identity have been reveal and presented as one of the study which is important for Malaysia socio-culture and identity. Lat born in 5th March 1951 in Kota Bharu, Perak and started contribute in Majallah Filem, April 1964 of his first comic Tiga Sekawan and it being publish until 1966. A huge fan of Raja Hamzah, he started to built an identification of character with Malay identity despite of so many local cartoons are very westernize style which is not suitable with Malaysia’s identity. After so many years, he still uplifts the idea of Malaysia culture and we always looking at Lat as our icon who always bring the Malaysian identity in his cartoons. Issue Discussed In this forum we discuss about the identity and cartoons; the definition and how this effect in our culture and sociology does. With Lat’s cartoons, he adapt the Malaysian identity in his drawings through the characters relationship, how is their life, activities, games and also including current issues of that time such as socio-culture and political event on that era which can be seen in Keluarga Si Mamat. Dr. Muliyadi also suggests the early Malay cartoons like Dol Keropok dan Wak Tempeh and Keluarga Mat Jambul by Raja Hamzah which is Lat’s favorite cartoonist. The scene of these comic strips is more about Malay culture in modernization era example Keluarga Mat Jambul is about young-new-wed-couple which live in urban city and women being a queen control whereas Mat Jambul would only nod to his wife. This show that socio-economics and culture has occur major transition, and Raja Hamzah capture the problem and translate it into cartoons strip. But the characters still very westernize and this situation gives Lat an idea to create an identity that suitable for Malaysian cartoons characters. We will also discussing issues on multi-racial, ethnic and socio-culture that Lat put into his every day life comic strip which is very entertaining yet not racist. This is a major success of Lat by using his own interpretation of Malaysian life in his comics and cartoons makes him as a very well known and lovable comic artist in Malaysia. Focus of Discussion The focus is more towards Lat’s work which is The Kampung Boy, Keluarga Si Mamat and his Malaysian Scene which is produced in New Straits Time. Lat show the relationship of four characters in Keluarga Si Mamat which is including their life, activities play together. In The Kampung Boy, it’s about Lat’s childhood life in kampung/village and more towards of Malay culture. Example, superstitious, berkhatan, khatam Quran, weddings, learn to take wudhu’ and listen to old folks and respect their words. These are some of the Malay elements that shown clearly in his autobiography as a kampung boy. The Malaysian Scene is more towards current issues, sometime political and most of it is daily routines which transfer to be a hilarious jokes. Lat never failed to make us laugh. Some of the issues that he brings up are about lack of service in some of government offices, corruption, and Mat Rempit. All of these serious issues become a joke from Lat’s view, his way of express his feeling towards this issue is unique and definitely reflects his idea of humor around everyday life. Malaysian identity in Lat’s cartoon is about multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi- cultural, customs, tradition and harmony. Lat always put kampung visual and style, which always make us remember the roots of Malay culture and value of esthetics. Never left out the moral value and family love and respect, Lat’s cartoon is always very humble, down to earth and always remembers that kampung is always the best place of in every people memory. Area of Interest My area of interest is when comes to Lat style and characters. He keeps using very simple approaches to keep his drawing clean, very well structured and sometime it could be very detail. The detailing of his drawing shows in The Kampung Boy where he draws the view inside the house and outside of the house. As we can see its very detailed yet well structured drawing has been produce by Lat. It show clearly the Malay culture such as usage of tempayan is located nearby the stairs so guest can wash their feet before enter the house. The Malay house he draw also stated that he stays in Perak, which is the style of house architecture can only be found in state of Perak. The next figure shows usual Malay dinner in village. The strong Malay culture once again can be found which is cross legged way of sits, having dinner on the floor top of the tikar mengkuang and usage of gasoline lamp which is shown he live without electricity, a very common way of kampung life. We can see that petai or ulam is always on the side of everybody in the house and the dishes are very simple. This detailed is successfully elaborate by using all the traditional Malay elements which is ulam, labu sayung usage as water container that is very common in Perak state, and village attire at home which is kain pelikat and kain batik which adult Malay use it as normal daily attire or basahan. On the next figure, scene of little Lat being chased by his mother due to his stubbornness, and it was drawn beautifully and humorously chasing scene. The elder woman was pictured in the drawing fetching water from well is surprised when little Lat were running around her try to get escape from her mother. Once again we can identify traditional Malay village culture element which is water supply taken from well, chickens as source of poultry and eggs, open type of housing environment (without any fence), and high built houses off the ground in order to avoid floods. Analysis of Artwork Lat artworks have been a very humorous in his owns style. No need to make stupid joke but he always look of our normal routine of life as his inspiration and idea to produce cartoons. Example; figure above is in Keluarga Si Mamat, which shown playing hides and seeks. A very simple subject matter but Lat sees it as a source of humor. The character, Epit, is always being used as the source of humor in this comic. The appearance of Epit itself already makes people laugh. Running naked around is something common for village boy on those days. Other case is how he brings up his childhood memory. He does get through the hard time and always get scolded for his wrong doing. But it doesn’t matter, it’s not something to be ashamed of, but those things make him grow to be a better person. We also can see the image of Malay woman dress when at home which is berkemban or wearing only wrap batik cloth. Once again, Lat cartoon is the perfect tool to study the Malay culture in village as very detail attention he draw in this autobiography. Lat style is very Malay attempt, stylish and clean, arrangement and compositions very well structured, not crowded and still preserve Malay’s value of parenthood and culture. Then Lat produce â€Å"Kampung Boy, Yesterday and Today† which is all about comparison of Malay traditional and modern game. Lat has brought up the memories of grown up towards when we are still young and enjoy time to the fullest. Some of the culture events can be seen in this strips which is ice balls era which is very popular one time ago. This strips shows s very different experience that Lat shared with the new generation of Malay society which is now more modern and materialistic. He still educates the society even though it’s only a drawing. As now we can see that Lat always stick to use local theme because for him it is easier to draw things that he knows. As Dr Muliyadi Mahamood (2008) cited that: â€Å"I drew the reban ayam, (chicken coop) I drew chicken, I drew my teacher, things that more within reach, things that I knew about,† (Lat 1994:17) it shown that Lat is a very straight forward kind of artist and love the conventional method which more comfortable for him. For him his childhood memory, his own experience in traditional Malay village culture is the best thing he ever had in life, and he is very delighted and looks forward about it, and shares his feeling and ideas with the world. Furthermore, Malay culture has been centre of attraction in his drawing, and this culture that can be learns from most of his cartoons. As example below, Lat’s describes his childhood experience when they have to learn how to solat or pray with all the games equipment is hidden beneath their clothes and songkok. The cover blown up definitely, but its shows that no matter what they do, religion and knowledge are crucial, and it should be on the top of the list. Another thing we can examine is what is the game they always playing back in village, when all the hidden things was discovered. Lat’s drawing shows slingshots, gasing, batu seremban and marble are rolling out from their pockets. These are all popular games back in village in those days, in his childhood era. All these elements of traditional Malay culture is connected closely and very important that we can search just by looking at his drawing. Conclusion Lat has played an important role in significant of Malaysian identity in his characteristic of cartoons. Not only he’s the pioneer of early cartoonist in Malaysia, but he also one of the most important person that comes with the idea that Malaysian cartoon needs to be in their own identity or style, kept the culture and preserve the local touch. He also goes along with the social issues, and makes him as an icon and act as mirror of the society. It makes him as a very successful cartoonist in terms of socio-culture and multi-ethnic society. Lat also getting the time frame of events such as in 1970’s where the images of beauty is Malay women wearing kebaya, socio-economics for village folks and their daily routine, and many more. He is very detailed in his drawing and observation, which always includes all the details of traditional Malay culture in his drawings and cartoons, mostly on village area. Lat has prove that being a cartoonist is not all about making jokes, but also to enhance and aware of our own culture, society and current issues at the same time maintain the ethnics harmony and produce artwork without offending other people which is different races and skins. All these elements are crucial in order to enhance the idea of being Malaysian, yet maintain the culture’s identity while preserve the elements of unity between many races.

U.S economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

U.S economy - Research Paper Example nce, economic indicators illustrate when the economy falls like in a recession and when the economy grows like during economic development (Griffis, ch.1). This paper will predict the economic future of U.S economy one year from now. In economics, economists develop laws of economic behavior based on the presumption that states do not count, but markets do. In economics, the most important issue is whether the presumptions generate a successful proposition that can be empirically tested and proven to be invalid or reasonable. From this perspective, the major challenge in the economic forecast is the neglect of the function of the state in economic concerns specifically international economic growth. In fact, national activities and policies are significant for economic results (Gilpin, R. & Gilpin, J. 61). Another challenge encountered when making economic forecast is the concept of weak efficiency. Weak efficiency is a theory that assumes that past forecasts play a critical function in establishing present predictions (Dovern 2). In addition, economists are less conversant with the regional cycles and trends hence the problem of predicting changes in these areas. Moreover, the error of incorrect revenue is anot her element that can create a problem in producing accurate forecast on the state of the economy. Also, data revisions pose a challenge to forecasts because when there is a structural change in the economy, the forecasting models need to be changes which may consume much time (Higgins 22). State and national economic predictions assist forecasters to generate an approximation of anticipated revenues from fundamental tax ground on the current price. In addition, other professionals in the budget department use the predictions to plan an expenditure budget and provide recommendations for the next fiscal period (Forsythe & Boyd, memo 3). The economic indicators do not impact the economy in the same manner. Generally, there are three types of economic

The Importance of the Physician in the Generic and Trade-name Article

The Importance of the Physician in the Generic and Trade-name Prescription Decision - Article Example The time frame and period analyzed in the whole article ranges between 1984 and 1996. This is evident during the introduction of generics in 1984, when all firms that wanted to market, a post-patent expiration generic had to show the efficacy and safety of the drug through tests to the Food and Drug Administration. In the course of time, the Congress implemented the permissive substitution laws in an effort to encourage the use of generic drugs. In addition, the research shows that in 1996, information from IMS America Inc. showed that managed care payments such as private managed care as HMOS AND Medicaid HMOs amounted for over 505 of dollar revenues for pharmaceutical retail sales (Hellerstein, 109). The data sources used in the analysis involve information from a survey of physicians, their patients, and drugs prescribed. In this case, physicians use patient by patient basis to test whether physicians prescribe generics to patients who are not covered by insurance and the effects of state legislation on generic prescription (Hellerstein, 109). The main findings of the whole research show that physicians are important agents in prescription decisions. Therefore, identifying the sources of heterogeneity in behavior across physicians is an integral factor of understanding how the markets for prescription drugs operate. Individuals learn how physicians behavior whenever they have different information and incentives in the areas of specialization. The new information learned from the article indicates that changes are still occurring among physicians through the continued growth of managed care due to increase in market share of generic drugs. At the same time, there probabilities that emphasis on cost containment in Health Maintenance Organizations may cause price differential between a trade name and generic drugs since there are existing negotiations with manufacturers on price discounts.

Mock Interview of a Prospective Staff Member by Employer Essay

Mock Interview of a Prospective Staff Member by Employer - Essay Example The four main elements of interview practice applicable to all disciplines including nursing, include the acquiring of â€Å"background information of the candidate, interview analysis, protocol creation and revision, and self-reflective interviewing†, states Dilley (2000, p.131). The Appropriate Lines of Questioning to be Employed in Mock Interviews Fulton, Lyon, and Goudreau (2010) state that the best technique should be selected for a given situation, and practice is key to achieving higher levels of efficiency and performance outcomes. Thus, interview process strategies include the 80/20 Rule, Sequence Themes, Behavior-based Interviewing, Closed-ended, Open-ended, and Multilayered questions (Fulton et al., 2010). The 80/20 Rule is based on the concept of 20% of an interview to be devoted to asking questions, and 80% in listening to the interviewee’s answers, to find out to what extent the candidate was suitable for the position. Commenting on every answer is unnecessary, while â€Å"the interviewer controls the pace and emphasis areas of the interview† (Fulton et al., 2010, p.307).... The Themes that will be explored by the interviewer should be considered and practised during the mock interview. The preferable sequence for the themes has to be determined before the questions for each theme are decided on. For example, an interviewer may wish to question the candidate on goal orientation before finding out about their analytic ability. It may be ideal for an interviewee to sequence items about nursing staff project readiness, before answering questions on multidisciplinary commitment. In the technique of Behavior-based Interviewing, the interviewer’s approach bases the interview questions on behaviors rather than on beliefs. However, because â€Å"past behavior is often the best predictor of future actions, emphasis on behavior-oriented questions is important† (Fulton et al., 2010, p.307). Other appropriate lines of questioning by the interviewer include the use of closed-ended questions which Yale (2006) suggests should be used only to pose question s about a commitment, or to seek clarification about any factual matters. The open-ended questions compel the interviewee to give more details on their approach or their experience regarding a particular situation. The multilayered approach may not be successful, because it is possible that because of the various issues within the same question, the interviewer may receive an incomplete answer (Fulton et al., 2010). Interview Questions to Avoid in Mock Interviews Mock interviews should not include questions based on the candidates’ race, age, gender, nationality, marital status, religious beliefs, disability, or sexual orientation. These issues are best

Selecting a Supplier or Contractor Research Paper

Selecting a Supplier or Contractor - Research Paper Example The four different projects chosen include that of production of electronic products, construction of a retail outlet, manufacturing glass containers and construction of residential buildings. The criteria for supplier selection followed by these projects include that of quality, the speed of delivery, cost and reputation respectively. After analyzing these criteria, a comparison of these supplier selection methods has been given along with the critique that identifies the best method of supplier selection. Every business has the impact of competition in the market due to increased globalization and various technological advancements. In such a competitive scenario, good supply chain becomes an important part of the corporate strategy. Coyle, Bardi, and Langey (2003) say that this prime need has driven the logistics managers to concentrate more on supplier capabilities, conceptualizing and designing and implementing the supply process. Traditionally, there were only a few criteria like cost, delivery time and quality of the goods that were mainly concerned with supplier selection says Smith et al (1963), in the recent there are many other criteria in selecting a suitable supplier. Selecting a competent supplier becomes the key to the production and delivery of high-quality products. Hence the supply chain managers need to adopt a proper strategy for selecting the suppliers based on some criteria. Selecting and maintaining a good supplier involves an important decision regarding the purchase of quality goods as it leads to quality products. The selection of competent suppliers can be based on various criteria as prescribed by Dickson (1996) are the net price quoted by the supplier, the reputation of the supplier, the extent up to which the supplier is able to meet the quality requirements, the replacement or

IT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

IT - Assignment Example The basic formats and practices can be duplicated however on the other hand to generalize and say IT no longer enables companies to create a competitive advantage in the marketplace was unsupported. Information technology is an evolving science its full potential still unknown. However with a better understanding of the innovative uses of the science companies have the potential of creating an advantage in the marketplace. The creation and determinant of the effective use of IT is contingent upon a myriad of factors, how a company implements the use of IT in its organizational structure and internal practices, how IT is used in a company’s external marketing campaigns, and whether the value of IT is understood by the leaders and managers as it relates to distinguishing sustainability. Corporations such as Wal-Mart, Hewlett-Packard, United Airlines and other recognizable firms provide the evidence that IT does enable companies to create a competitive advantage. Each of the companies listed has consistently used information technology to distinguish itself in the marketplace. Whereas other firms have implemented similar practices, the firms listed continue to set themselves apart by using IT in innovative and creative ways. An image of IT as a rigid format is erroneous to the contrary information technology presents unlimited possibilities. Leaders within an organization have the responsibility and duty to investigate the application and adaptability of IT practices for the maximum usage. By continuing to develop and implement IT strategies companies can position themselves as leaders within their respective industries. The lack of knowledge of the potential benefits of IT and its application within the organization as well as the benefits in the marketplace can make IT appear to be ineffective and a mundane costly endeavor (Parsons, 1984; Mata, Fuerst, & Bailey, 1995). Business leaders

Medical Prescription for a Diabetic Patient in Prison, Educating Essay - 1

Medical Prescription for a Diabetic Patient in Prison, Educating Doctors - Essay Example This study examines how eating habits, balanced diets, age, beta-blocker medication, stress, body mass index, kitchen shopping lists and women to see if there is a connection. There was an observation on their food intake and eating habits, measurement was done on weight, physical activity, stress levels and sleeping cycle. This paper presents a case study of a 59-year-old prison patient who is type 2 diabetes under the prescription of a drug called 500 mg, which he is to take two tablets two times every day. The old man suffers from no other medical problems, not to mention that he is not allergic to any type of medication. In order to undertake the correct clinical management plan, it is fundamental to lay-out the history of the patient. For the last three years, the 59 old has suffered from diabetes. With respect to the prescriptions and measured to mitigate the condition, the patient has had a healthy diet. However, being in prison environment has left the patient to struggle so as to maintain a healthy diet, not to mention of inadequate access to other healthier options. Therefore, this paper undertakes an extensive and intensive clinical management plan for the patient, in an effort to study and come up with results as to whether the prescriptions of Gliclazide 80mg twice daily in glycaemic contr ol is attained with the metformin. Treatment should harmonize with the causative agent. Diagnosis requires elevated clinical examination together with a continuous examination, microbial analyses, and radiographic examination. Diagnosis calls for the use of several procedures such as Clinical, sugar, and microbiological diagnosis. Prevention should be the focus of clinicians. The act of elimination or minimizing the incidence of diabetes to a level below threshold gets highly significant (Niederman, 2006). Each of the diagnostic procedures has its advantages and disadvantages.  The viability of the procedures requires â€Å"gold standards† for the analysis of diabetes.   The microbiological method has yielded a good result when compared with other methods.

Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Essay Example for Free

Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Essay On August 5, 2010 at San Jose mine in northern Chile a cave collapsed trapping 33 miners more than 2000-feet underground (Weik, n. d. ). This should have been just another day, a normal 12-hour shift at work, but it instead it turned into a 69 day nightmare. Minors did not know it would be the last time for nearly two months they would see the light of day. Miners, much like fire fighters and policemen, know there is a risk in the work they do. Their families also know that there is a risk and accept that someday they may get a call with bad news. Knowing this and seeing it happen are two different things. Communicating with the Families and Employees The families are from different backgrounds and different nationalities this should be taken into consideration when communicating with them. Minera San Esteban Primera would want to have several people involved in communication plan that involved constant communication with families as well as their employees. Some of the people involved with communications should be the same nationality and speak the same language to get the message across as well as make the families feel somewhat at ease. This will help the families feel as though someone understands them and their culture because they are from the same backgrounds. Communication should be organized and planned. The families from other places, not local, should be put up in a hotel with a meeting place provided where the families can come for regular updates. This will relieve some stress from the families having to wait by the phone for updates, and for the company getting calls unexpectedly or at the wrong time. This place could serve a dual function as a place where families can go and seek empathy with other families, Minera San Esteban Primera should communicate in-person with the families as much as possible. They should provide updates via phone calls with set times to call. Electronic communication would be for faster if the families have access to this type of information. Other considerations are the employees who may have family members who are trapped. It is common in a work environment like this to have several members of one family working for the same company. Other employees may be minors who called in sick that day or were assigned to different projects. Minera San Esteban Primera will need to consider how they talk to employees to be sure sensitive information is not out before it should be. Some employees who have to work around the clock to make sure everything is taken care of. The families and employees need to know that their employer will do everything they can to help the miners as fast as they can. They should hold small to the point staff meetings to provide updates to the employees (Aniisu, n. d. ). They could even have a room where employees can come and watch for updates as they become available. The country came together suggesting ideas on how to get to the miners. It was important to ascertain if the miners were alive, to see if rescue was possible. Chilean government reached out to NASA for the assistance in communicating with the miners and could get lines of communication going. Once the Chilean authorities could confirm that they were all alive, the vital information had to get to the families and to the employees (Condon, 2010). Once communication lines were set up, family members were allowed to talk briefly to their trapped miners (Tabor, n. d. ). Even though it was only one minute, it was essential for the family to see that the minors were fine and no one was lied to. This also helped the miners’ mental state and encouraged them to stay strong until rescued. The employees were able to see live feed of the miners that helped them to feel as though Minera San Esteban Primera, NASA, and the Chilean government were, in fact, doing everything they could do to save the miners. As further mining operations were bound to happen employees would feel confident that their company would do what was necessary to ensure their wellbeing in the event of another collapse. References Aniisu, . (n. d. ). Internal Communications Pointers from the Chile Miners Rescue Mission. Retrieved from http://intraskope. wordpress. com/2010/10/15/internal-communications-pointers-from-the-chile-miners-rescue-mission/ Condon, K. (2010). Communication With Chilean Miners. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles. com/? Communication-With-Chilean-Minersid=5391484 Tabor, J. M. (n. d. ). Jonathan Franklin’s â€Å"33 Men,† on the Chilean mine collapse. Retrieved from http://articles. washingtonpost. com/2011-03-18/entertainment/35259801_1_claudio-yanez-laurence-golborne-miners Weik, J. (n. d. ). Over 30 workers trapped

Mark Zuckerberg Management Style

Mark Zuckerberg Management Style Managers of an organization need multiple skills to perform their duties and act consequently. Their job is assorted and complex. A research by Robert L. Katz, he found that the managers need three essential skills: conceptual, human and technical in order to perform the four management functions; planning, organizing, leading and controlling. According to Forbes Magazine, Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of phenomenon Facebook and one of the youngest billionaire ever share the ability of great conceptual skills. Conceptual skills are thus said to be one of the crucial of all managerial skills. Managers with conceptual skills are able to see the organization as a whole, to conceptualize about abstract and complex situationsÂÂ ´ (Robbins, S., Coulter, M. 2005) and to think strategically. Conceptual skills stands out from others skills that required by a manager as the ability to use information to solve organizational problems, identification of opportunities, implementing solutions and selecting critical information from masses of data to direct the organization in the world of overflowing information. He should be able to agonize the problem areas and enforce solutions selecting critical information from masses of data, understand the business. Mark Zuckerberg has managed the facebook quite efficiently and has put the doubts of many people to rest. He uses to prepare the organization for the contingent events in the rapid changing environment. He recognizes problems, identify opportunities and implement solutions. He maximizes the use of information, ideas and concepts. Simultaneously with conceptual skills he uses other skills such as human and technological skills which it is necessitates organization to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently. Human skills, being controversially regarded as the most important set of skills have always been the root of all skills. Conceptual skills is not all that are required by a manager but it is a combination of competencies in various skills which conceptual, human and technical skills jump out from others to be more vital. Top managers use conceptual skills while making a decision since it affects the entire organization. He needs human skills which involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in groups. Being chief executives officer he should look for to motivate the employers of the organization. Human is the most important asset of an organization and human (interpersonal) skills are regarded as the most important set of skills for a manager in todays competitive environment. Creating culture, building the senior management team, financing road shows and indeed, the delegation itself is done by Mark Zuckerberg. In Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg plays an extensive role in the decision making process. In the organization he deeply and inextricably involved with every major decision that it undertakes. He uses to negotiate and help the subordinates and rest of the employees to produce new ideas and make the final decision. He usually focuses on the technological side and innovation. He plays quite big interpersonal role in the general public by giving speeches and talking in the conferences. He uses to give information to the outsiders through the meetings and speeches conducted by facebook. Besides this he use to visit certain sessions and interact with other business managers and sign the business documents. During such interaction he asks the Sheryl Sandberg COO formerly via president of Google chief of staff for the U.S to assist him and offer some guidance. In general Mark Zuckerberg plays extensive role in all informational, interpersonal and decisional roles in the facebook which allows and makes it to be the leading social media today. (583 words) Q2) Discuss the various dynamics of the external environment Facebook presently operates in. What do you see and understand as real challenges Facebooks management team must grapple with in the days ahead if the company is to succeed in its mission to connect the whole planet? The only thing that would not change in the world is: the world is kept on changing. Although Facebook currently rank as the top social networking sites in terms of revenue and number of users, they still have to persist in innovating to hold on the honor. Facebook always encourage their users to share information public to offer better product to users, marketers and developers who wants to reach them. When so much of data is publish online, it can be a threat to Facebook. It forced by Canadian privacy commissioner to make changes to privacy changes and streamlined permissions dialogue. Just as estimated, Facebook confront disputation on privacy issue after the security researcher Wednesday once Beacon is launched. There are more than 100 million Facebook users personal information is being used or spread out to the public without users authorization. This issue is not just about data leakage for user but also for developers and marketers who uses Facebook as a tool to operate their business. Beacon is a platform which takes data from 44 web destinations and mashes it up with Facebooks internal information to help build more focused advertising messages. It was a system which allowed third parties site being posted on the wall of the users profile. People found out that it actually tracking every single thing people done online even they had logout their Facebook account. Facebook data leakage which disclosed by Wall Street Journal is said to be unintentionally. Press coverage and European Commission have their investigation on their own. The Beacon platform had breached the federal wiretap and video-rental privacy laws. A federal judge on Wednesday approved a $9.5 million settlement to a class action lawsuit challenging Facebooks program that monitored and published what users of the social networking site were buying or renting from Blockbuster, Overstock and other locations. (David Kravets) Under the settlement, Facebook agreed to terminate Beaon platform s tarted from November 2009. Facebook should provide a more user friendly privacy settings for the user to avoid the issue above to happen again. A table containing Top 30 countries with highest number of Facebook users was shown in appendix. Data is updated to 1st of April 2011. The table indicate the number of users is increasing tremendously every year. The figure 154,226,960, is the numbers of users in USA which is surprisingly high and own the first place in the ranking. Although China and India has the largest population in the world but India only own the fifth place at about 22,956,220 users. However, a statistic updated on 6th May 2011 indicates that India is the leading country which owns the highest audience growth rate. It is strange that China is not in the ranking, because Facebook is being banned by China. In the New Era of Management ninth edition by L. D. Richard predict that China will overtake United State economy as number one by midcentury. Unfortunately, China banned FB really bring down a lot registration and opportunities to generate profit. Without China, FB was like losing one of his leg or hand. Chin a Mainland population which is about 1,330,141,295 (July 2010 est.) [Source: CIA World Factbook, Jan 2011 ] China government always being tight to the access of internet, information flow and media censored Facebook because of the fatal riots happen in western region of Xinjiang in province of China. Perhaps they believe that such an action will contain the reports or discussions of the riots or stop them from happening completely. News updated on 28th April 2011 said that, Mark Zuckerberg still wanted to get connected to China and is now creating some sort of localized version of site to fit Chinas government and hope to launch it in China. (622 words) Q3) How would you describe and classify the corporate culture at Facebook? What are the elements and symbols that showcase FBs culture? In this context, how effective is Mark Zuckerberg as a cultural leader for FB? Ravasi and Schultz (2006) define organization culture as a set of shared mental assumptions that guide interpretation and action in organizations by defining appropriate behaviour for various situations. In the past, the hierarchy of management is vital for a corporate. However, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook has created a relaxed, unstructured and open corporate culture that emphasizes more on equality. At Facebook, there are no cubicles, no walls, just mainly office furniture. This enables the employees to work in a relaxed and comfortable environment as they can come and go as they please, with no standard work schedules, thus more employee freedom. Furthermore, the managers at Facebook also practice this working environment. Sheryl Sandberg, Facebooks Chief Operating Officer, and even Zuckerberg himself has no office. They work among the employees in the open workspace that could enhance openness and problem solving process. Besides, Mark holds a public question-and-answer session for the entire organization for an hour every Friday. This session has created a great deal of openness in the organization. The openness, according to Zuckerberg, encourages collaboration, team-work and an informal atmosphere and communication. Zuckerbergs company is ballooning into an empire, but it remains scruffy, funky and slightly adorable. That is partly attributable to a workplace that combines playful start-up culture with muscular ambition and bite. Facebooks goal is to be viewed as a hip geek culture in order to attract the best talent.ÂÂ   Zuckerburg is responsible for the foundations of this culture, creating a fun environment by banging a gong when someone finishes a big coding project.ÂÂ   Facebook even hired well-known graffiti artist David Choe to paint murals in the first Facebook offices.Theres a block of meeting rooms named after inventors at the far end of the Facebook ground floor, with one given to Al Gore, who invented the internet. Facebook is creating an intrinsically social culture, rather than enterprise software or geeky, engineer-driven algorithms. At Facebook, the employees can play video or table tennis games whenever they need to unwind on the job. This fun working environment has i ncreased the job satisfaction of employees in the Facebook organization. Job satisfaction is the primary factor in intrinsic motivation. Therefore, due to the corporate culture recognized by Zuckerberg, Facebook employees are satisfied with their jobs and as a result do their jobs well and raise the productivity of Facebook. Facebook is a social utility that connects you with the people around you is the slogan of Facebook. This slogan says quite a bit about the social platform. Facebook has taken a very utilitarian stance on providing a social network. They have created a framework and are expecting you to do most of the work. When we used to wear suits to work, organizational hierarchy was indicated through the price of your suit. With Facebook, Mark forever altered our norms of privacy: our information is now public, our break-ups broadcasted, and our drunken shamings eternalized. However, Zuckerberg has changed this culture by only wear T-shirts, jeans and Adidas flip-flops to work. Mark Zuckerberg shows effectiveness as a cultural leader for Facebook by able and willing to take the risks in hiring the executives for the company, motivate employees to achieve Facebooks goals by established a relaxed, fun and unstructured corporate culture, and think strategically in the incident of refusing to bring Facebook, as a company, public. (555 words) Q4) In what ways does Facebook, as an organisation, fit in with traditional and current, modern-day management thinking and theories and in what ways is FB challenging them? As time passed, many professions had developed several management theories as a guide for manager to run the organization. There are Classical Perspective, which occurred during the nineteenth and early twenty, Management Science Perspective, which emerged during the world war two, The Recent Historical Trend which happen after the world war two and The Modern Management which combine all different theories. In today business world, different management thinking and theory are required by the manager to fits in different industries and achieve their organization goals. Facebook is the new trend in the twenty-first century, which manage and lead by the founder name Mark Zuckerberg. Humanistic perspective was conducted by Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard. They believe that manager need to first value peoples feelings, needs, thoughts and social relations. (Daft, n.d). Mark Zuckerberg had this management thinking of creating a social network that allowed people all over the world to engage which each other and get their updates even faster. He found out that as a human, when they disclose feelings and thoughts to their friends will make them feel closer to the person, and also behaviour on understand others emotions and opinions that surrounding. Besides, Mark Zuckerberg also adapting this theory to his employees by providing those free meals along the day, bottomless finger foods and unrestricted dry cleaning service. He allowed subordinates to express themselves, motivate them to have the same goals as the organisations goals by giving opinions on improvement of the organisation. Studies developed by Hawthorne state that in order to increase output, managers firstly need to improve human relation with the subordinates. Managers need to make employees feel respects, appreciated and have the sense of belongings to this organisation. (Daft, n.d). Mark Zuckerberg claim that an office is only just a place to gather people to brain storming to generate profits and human are the most important resources for the organisation. Therefore, Mark Zuckerberg design his headquarter with no wall between departments and the meeting rooms are located at the middle of the work space and separate by glass walls so that all the people can see through the meetings. Besides, Abraham Maslow theories, a study that claim that people are influenced by several needs and by hierarchy order. This has been used by Mark Zuckerberg, firstly, he fulfil the physical needs by providing them free meals and considerable income. Secondly, he satisfied the love and sense of belongings seeks by the employees which allowing them to disclose their thoughts and opinions. Thirdly, he will appreciate them by contribute many ideas and plans to run the business, this will increase employees esteem needs and belief that they are the proper source in helping make the world improve. Lastly, Mark Zuckerberg will somehow challenge the employees to meet certain goals. This will not only increase the improvement of organisation growth, it also acknowledges employees to fulfil their self-actualization needs. Moreover, Contingency View is the modern perspective that managers have no actual plan and managers will base on the situations or industries and economic to lead the organisation. This theory mostly utilize by organisation with structure of effective in an internet company which need to depend on the new technology. (Daft, n.d). Because Facebook is always dealing with trends of the world, and create new trend for the world. This required innovations, inspiration and new technology from the employees. Therefore, it is hard for Mark Zuckerberg to always follow the plan. Furthermore, quality seeking by the user was also a challenge face by Mark Zuckerberg. He use Total Quality Management to deal with it by improving the convenience of user to easily sign up as a user and also create software which allow user to use their mobile phone to log in and keeping on improving the privacy settings of each user. He also create benchmark of user can tag others pictures and status make them to have the same picture and comments. He also came out with the `like button allow user to like the status and which his competitors like Friendster and MySpace does not have. Learning Organisation is a modern theory which allows people not afraid to make mistakes and hope they can learn from the mistakes. It allows managers to raise the capability to discover and grow. (Senge.P. n.d). When Facebook dealing with the mistakes they made in beacon, they understand that not all people like to disclose their thoughts to the public, certain privacy are required from them. Facebook has learnt from this mistake and change their privacy settings. Q5) Describe the personality, leadership and management style of Facebook founder and CEO, Mark Zuckerberg. Discuss his most cherished values and how they govern his life, work, relationships, and the way he leads and manages his people. It is undeniable that Mark Zuckerberg is the key player of the successful of Facebook in the global nowadays. Therefore, the personality and cherished values that he holds are strongly affected his life, work and relationship. As a young billionaire, Mark did not dress himself up with branded clothes and accessories. In fact, he always wears jeans, T-shirt and North Face fleece. Besides, he rents a house with his girlfriend and drives an entry-level luxury car. Yet, his life is nothing more than meetings and talking to people due to the expansion of Facebook. He is a simple man and has showed no concern to spend much money or make money. Perhaps, these are the reason why he rejected offers from big companies such as Yahoo and Microsoft. People think that he was wrong and questioned him why would he refuse the offer because the field that he involves is unpredictable. However, from the interview with Diane Sawyer, he saying, We really just believe in what were doing. This showed that, making money is not the primary motivation of the formation of Facebook but the vision is simple as to attach people from different countries or even culture and share their life to people that they care about. Mark, as a stud ent of computer science and psychology definitely has a great sensitivity of vision. He knows that the most powerful thing in this world perhaps is the connection of people and the usefulness of the Internet. Therefore, Facebook achieved success in just few years because people like the ideas of sharing their feelings and life to their loved ones. Such personalities that Mark had affected the way he presents in work. He said everyone has a voice and people can organise whatever they want. For that reason, the open floor plan in the headquarters of Facebook allows all the workers know each single thing that happens in the buildings. Also, he holds a public question-and-answer meeting for the company for an hour on each Friday. Giving thought to these seemingly minor issues has the potential to drastically improve the working environment and employee engagement. Furthermore, although Mark is a young and rich leader, he never behaves arrogantly and still sincerely apologizes due to the mistakes that he have made. For example, membership of a group named Students against Facebook news feed that formed by Ben Parr has increased to 750,000 users within a week. Instead of being enemy with him, Mark actually posted a letter on Facebook and promised that they will come out with privacy controls. This is a leader quality that Mark had, which is problem solving. On one hand, he did not mention to make changes to the new features and support the usefulness of News Feed to know more about close friends. On the other hand, he promised to strengthen the privacy control. It seems like two-way benefit to him and Facebook without throw the new features away that causes losses and at the same time can settle the negative comment on Facebook. The tough-minded that Mark Zuckerberg had also affected the way he held the position as CEO in Facebook. Mark will improve each role in the organization each six months and performance of employees is being rank from one to five. He valued those hardworking and brilliant employees that can make him success. Some co-workers said that it is stress and fear when working in Facebook. However, the situation has been changed when Mark hired Sheryl Sandberg and people now are regretting they did not join the company. Nevertheless, Mark hire people not only because of their talent but also follow through and do things creatively such as hiring the former Firefox developer, Blake Ross. Mark showed his tough-minded completely when he turned the offer from Yahoo down. The former CEO of Yahoo, Terry Semel said, Id never met anyone-forget his age, twenty-two then or twenty-six now-Id never met anyone who would walk away from a billion dollars. But he said, Its not about the price. This is my baby , and I want to keep running it, I want to keep growing it. I couldnt believe it. (695 words)

Types of Communication and the Barriers

Types of Communication and the Barriers Definition, Types of communication Communication is known as a medium of communicating, is a simple act of transferring information from point A to point B. Although this definition can sound as simple as it is, but when it differentiate the different type of communication it become more complex. Spoken, Verbal/ Non Verbal Communication Communication can be known as spoken, and it is called as verbal communication, an effective verbal or spoken communication depends on the clarity of speech, the listening skill of the listener. Verbal communication can either be face to face, through radio and also television. On the other hand, non verbal communication would be depending on the body language of someone, the gestures when they’re talking. Interpersonal communication does not only contain of words but also movement of the speaker, non verbal communication are most likely to contain messages that are conveyed by the speaker. Non verbal communication can consist of face expression, the tone of speaking, and the body language displayed on the speaker while he/she is speaking. The non verbal communication gives a lot more of clues and information about someone compared to verbal communication. Writing Skills Writing skills is also another important part of communication; good writing skills can allow you to send your message to the audience through face to face or even through writing. Correct grammar, spelling and punctuation is crucial in writing skills, for example, when you’re writing a CV to apply for a job in a hotel, the better the writing skills the higher the chances you will get the job. Visualizations We could also communicate by visual graphs such as charts or graph, logos, and other form of visualisation figure. This is mainly used during a conference or a meeting to send information of the company or the data, for example the annual sales of the hotel or the marketing plan of the hotel. Social Media Social media is also a form of communication to interact, using the network and applications that are commonly used examples, emails, Whatsapp, Wechat, Facebook. We can easily interact with anyone at anytime. The network have created a zero distance for us, for example, having video conferencing meeting with the head quarters of the company that are in United Kingdom when the office is in Singapore. The network has been the greatest creation ever to break almost every communication barriers that we have. Communication barriers Communication between two individuals can be simple if there’s not much barriers between them, but there are huge differences between talking and communicating. When we communicate, we can successfully in getting the points that the other person is trying to say on the other hand, when we talk, we would just ignore the barriers that might hinder the ability to communicate between each other. There are seven different types of communication barriers to more effective communicating, this includes Physical barriers Emotional barriers Cultural barriers Genders barriers Interpersonal barriers Perceptual barriers Language barriers There are a few reason that might have been the main barriers among human communication, for example the main reason why we can easily encounter communication barriers is due to the language differences that we might speak, even if we could speak the same language, the differences of the accent might come unfamiliar to us and it might be quite hard to understand. On the other hand, another reason why communication will fail it may be lack of interest of the person which is talking or the listener might have distractions from the other people nearby or even the noises of the crowds. Another misjudgement of common error is that people tend to expect what they hear rather than what is actually being spoken and jumping straight into inaccurate conclusions. Physical barriers The environment has been one of the main reason that causes physical barriers among employees and employers, for example, if the environment in the hotel isn’t quiet, the speaker isn’t talking in a loud voice, the listener wouldn’t be able to hear what messages is being delivered. Distance also plays an important role. For example, if the organisation in the company is made to sit in different floors or departments in the hotel, they likely would have difficulties on communicating face to face and due to long term relying on technology such as phone calls and emails; it distances the relationship of the employees and employers. Emotional barriers In a workplace, facing staffs and bosses might be a stressful task. Maintaining a good relationship in the workplace is crucial. According to Bud Craig,(2008) the classical emotions such as anger and fear, will always leads an individual to fight or fail to cooperate, therefore this is why working in an environment that does not make us happy and make us felt mistreated will lead the employees to lost interest and brings out negative impact. Cultural barriers Working in the hotel, there might be employees of different group age; every different age group would have different ways and perception of working. The age group of people would always have conflicts of describing older workers as â€Å"out of touch’ and those who just went into the organisation would be criticised by the older workers as ‘slackers’ during work time and not constantly focussing on work. Another reason of cause of cultural barriers is that the staffs would always believe in status and resistance in any sort of work place, staffs who assumed themselves as seniority status may find it hard to adapt into environments where the job tittles might be de-emphasized. Gender barriers According to Heather R,(2005), being well aware of the following generalizations will always help the organisation to have more effectively in the work place, for examples, women staffs would likely talk about people, and on the other hand, male staffs like to talk about tangible things such as sports, food and drinks. Women staffs ask many questions to gain an understanding on an issue that they are not clear about while men staffs always gives information more than asking questions Women staffs focus on feelings and senses, while man staffs always focus on the facts and the logic of problems. Interpersonal barriers The lack of desire on participating organisation events might be another reason of interpersonal barriers, Some staffs of the older age would be more frustrated on work and do not really like to socialise among the community in the company. Some other staffs who might be an introvert might also have unwillingness to explore, giving out new ideas during staffs meetings, or even speaking out the own views of the organisation, in the long run, this may lead to more unwillingness on working and even extremely frustrating among themselves. Perceptual barriers As human, we always have our own preferences, self values, different attitudes and we see it as a own kind of â€Å"flitters† in making decisions and perception of thinking. Thinking in our own â€Å"filters† and ignoring other’s opinion may lend to all sort of assumptions and misunderstanding. Language barriers Working in the front office in the hotel industry, one must be fluent in different types of languages, while people in Malaysia can usually speak more than 3 different languages and dialects, the dialectal differences will make communicating with different individuals harder. Language disabilities are the physical impediments to languages, we could not talk person which have dysphonia or how have hearing loss. According to the Rwanda Development Board, (2008) indicates that around 85,730 of the staffs in the hospitality sector are not fluent in foreign languages and therefore have less efficacy on customer service. It is also identified that language deficiency is the major problem of the hindering growth in the hospitality industry. I went to a hotel nearby my house to interview the front desk manager about the barriers that might occur working in the hotel line. Questionnaire and Answers How long have you been working in this profession? According to Ms.Cheng, (2015) she have been working in the hotel industry for more than 20 years. How did you first get into this profession? According to Ms. Cheng, (2015) she stated that her mother used to be a hotelier for her whole life, her mother inspired her to become a person like her mom, being a hotelier that cares for the people, a dedicated staff and one who try her best to serve and satisfy the need of the people who lives in the hotel. Do you like your job? Ms Cheng is a really responsible worker and she never shown up late before for the past years of working. What is the toughest problem that you have encountered so far? Stated by Ms. Cheng, (2015), working to serve the community isn’t an easy job, people all throughout the world have different cultures and beliefs, but the hardest problem to cope with is the attitude of rude or bad mannered guests. What kind of communication barrier that will affect the job working in the front line of the hotel industry? Ms Cheng stated that the language barriers is the main problem to communicate among guests, because when we do not understand the language that is being spoke, we can’t communicate and this will lead the guest to lose their temper leaving a bad impression to the company. When problems occurred, what does the organisation do to help solve the problems? The company would do their best to settle the situation of satisfaction or misunderstanding between the guest and the staffs. (Cheng, Interview) What are the ways to avoid having these circumstances working in the hotel line? When interviewed on 4th May 2015, Ms Cheng confirmed that hiring only experienced staffs with higher education level is as important as hiring staffs that have good ethics, personality, and the company should be really serious on picking people to join the company and even conduct an evaluating between the people that are in-charged in the organisation before hiring new staffs to the company. What is the main reason that communication breakdown often happens in working front line? Cheng (2015) made the claim those companies not only in the hotel industry nowadays often hires foreigner workers that are from Bangladesh, Nepal to work, and as for foreigners they do not speak our national language well or even any other language such as Chinese, English and the main reason why organisation still hire them is because the wages that is needed to hire a foreigner worker is lower than hiring the people from our own country, it helps to cut down the cost and budgets for the company and hence leads to more and more barriers to be faced during working period. Conclusion and Recommendations In this task, I have learnt that how a company communicates among the employee and how an organization work together. Besides, I learned that communication barriers come in different ways such as language carriers, cultural barriers, and emotional barriers and so on. Throughout the questionnaire and listening upon the interviewer’s answers based on the questions I have asked, I realised that effective communication is the key of managing a good company to success because a company that is poor in communication will always lead to ultimately misunderstandings. According to Forbes, (2009) problem solving is the greatest enabler for growth and opportunity. This is why they say failure serves as the greatest lesson in business and in life. In my own opinion, realising the problem is the first step to success, knowing the problems of the company, analyzing why problems occur and performing appropriate action to fix the problem as soon as possible. In my own opinion, realising the p roblem is the first step to success, knowing the problems of the company, analyzing why problems occur and performing appropriate action to fix the problem as soon as possible.

The Effects of Environmental Policy on the Italian Economy, and Population :: Environment Italy Ecology Essays Papers

The Effects of Environmental Policy on the Italian Economy, and Population Introduction. The history of Italy is storied with rich traditions of emperors conquering land and building great empires. The culture of this great time period can still be enjoyed in the many infamous artworks and architectural masterpieces to this day. The pride of the Italian people can be seen in the many expert craftsmanship works in addition to boasting the sixth largest economy in the world. The balance of preserving the many priceless artworks of ages gone by with the byproduct of current economic expansion bodes a challenge to the environmental policies agreed upon by the Italian people. In my paper I will talk about the many aspects of how environmental policies impacts the population, economy and Italy’s natural resources. First I will provide background knowledge of the Italian people then I relate environmental topics such as air pollution, population trends and water management to one another. These topics are relevant to this course because they relate population and economics to the environment. Italy is a nation of 56, 735,130 million people strong www.expage.com/page/rozitaly2. One aspect of the new global Italian economy is driven by the artisanship and entrepreneurship of its people. The craftsmanship is renowned worldwide and one specific example of that was when the New York Financial Center was built, Italian marble and its stonemasons were explicitly used. Italians also are generally more business minded with the household savings rate of Italians shown to 3 average 18.3%; almost three times higher than of Americans. Also over 85% of Italians own two or more homes. Although differences are apparent between the north and south regions as many Italians live significantly better in the north region. Italy like many other nations is driven by capitalistic efforts to maximize profits and capital. www.floriapublications. com/italy/life One of the interesting differences about Italy compared to other various countries is the way government and its people perceive one another. As money is a main component in global markets, Italy crisis over tax obligations remain high. Up to recently higher taxes top the income rate of 51% and the public debt amounts to 124% of the GNP. Higher employment rates around 11% are misleading due to the large amount of so-called black market and under the table paid by cash only workers. Social security taxes are seldom reported and pension problems do exist. The lack of reporting or no reporting can supposedly add 19% of the value –added taxes go uncollected and unnoticed. The police largely look the other way and known black markets go on. The role of money is the fuel that drives the goods and services being bought and sold in the

karate Essay -- essays research papers

Fighting Fighting, or kumite, is the freestyle use of moves one has learned. During this freestyle match, the students may use any technique they have learned in their training for either defensive or offensive purposes. Fighting is involved with probably only 30 % of skill the student has. However, this is a very important part of the whole. As mention earlier, katas help in perfecting the moves and the focus of executing them. On the other hand, fighting employs these moves. Practicing in fighting will assist in the timing and rhythm of the execution of the move. In a kata you have as long as you want to throw each kick, each block, each punch, and as much time to move into the next stance. During a fight, you must use these moves but timing must be involved as well. If the opponent throws a kick, you must make a decision and quick. You can block the kick, dodge the kick to the left, right, or step back, or you can decide to get hit. Now no one wants to get hit but if a decision isn’t made that will be the result. You must also be able to react fast enough to the oncoming kick with your decision. If you hesitate on your decision to step to the side, it will be to late and you could be on the ground trying to catch your breath. I know from experience. Well, let’s say you have successfully reacted to the kick and blocked it and your done right, wrong! Usually a skilled fighter won’t throw one punch or kick without following it up with 2 or 3 more attacks,... karate Essay -- essays research papers Fighting Fighting, or kumite, is the freestyle use of moves one has learned. During this freestyle match, the students may use any technique they have learned in their training for either defensive or offensive purposes. Fighting is involved with probably only 30 % of skill the student has. However, this is a very important part of the whole. As mention earlier, katas help in perfecting the moves and the focus of executing them. On the other hand, fighting employs these moves. Practicing in fighting will assist in the timing and rhythm of the execution of the move. In a kata you have as long as you want to throw each kick, each block, each punch, and as much time to move into the next stance. During a fight, you must use these moves but timing must be involved as well. If the opponent throws a kick, you must make a decision and quick. You can block the kick, dodge the kick to the left, right, or step back, or you can decide to get hit. Now no one wants to get hit but if a decision isn’t made that will be the result. You must also be able to react fast enough to the oncoming kick with your decision. If you hesitate on your decision to step to the side, it will be to late and you could be on the ground trying to catch your breath. I know from experience. Well, let’s say you have successfully reacted to the kick and blocked it and your done right, wrong! Usually a skilled fighter won’t throw one punch or kick without following it up with 2 or 3 more attacks,...

Challenges faced by the Allies in their Germany Advance

The establishment of empires and the countries that exist today was not an easy undertaking. There were always battles associated with this, and this led to bloodshed and destruction of cities. The world has always had incidences of wars, which most of the times are initiated by the strong countries, as they try to win the smaller ones. From the colonization battles to the wars like the First and Second World Wars, there have always been defeats and conquests. Even the strongest leaders have at times surrendered because of the extremes of the war. However, those who win are also affected, as their conquest is most of the times associated with several difficulties. The advancing of the allies into Germany in 1945 will be discussed with close reference to the scale and the nature of the problems that they faced. The crossing of the Rhine The Allies had targeted Germany after they conquered in the Battle of the Bulge. All the citizens were aware that once the Allies set foot in Germany, it would be the end of war. However, the Allies faced great challenges from some fanatical Nazis; Hitler included. Throughout the second and third months of 1945, there was a great battle by the allies in a bid to pass the Siegfried lane. They were faced with a great problem because the Germans had set up antitank fortifications, artillery and pillboxes which stretched from the western German border. This was quite a big hindrance to the allies as they sought for the best way to enter Germany. Additionally, this was an area which was always manned by old men and young boys, so that they could ensure that no enemy passed that point. Since time immemorial, the allies had not had the ability to pass through the Siegfried Line because of these hindrances. However they managed to conquer this small town in 1945 through the use of gasoline aids (World War II, 2010). When they set in, they advanced to Cologne, which was considered as the major German city. However, they were faced with a challenge because the US Army commander referred to as General Dwight D. Eisenhower gave orders to the allied forces to instead advance towards Ruhr. This is after he had realized that if Berlin was captured, then the industrial machine of Germany could be destroyed. There was a conflict between the leaders because the desire of Churchill was for the allies to overcome Berlin, but Eisenhower ordered the Allies to advance towards the Ruhr after crossing the Rhine (World War II, 2010). Crossing the Rhine for the Allies was quite an achievement because for the past one hundred and forty years before this time, there is no single group which had successfully crossed it. Hitler considered the Rhine as one of the important symbols of Germany. The only time the Rhine was crossed successfully was during the times of Napoleon, in 1805. This is because all the people who tried to do so would be shot down (World War II, 2010). However, the allies succeeded crossing the Rhine, amidst the challenges, because all the bridges had been blown up to restrict their advance. This also happened before they managed to capture Cologne city. This was indeed a great challenge. They had to cross the Rhine on special bridge units, which were often segregated. They also went ahead and constructed a bridge whose depth was twelve miles and thirty five miles width. Even though they managed, all these crossings were most of the times on fire, which was lit by the German forces. All this happened before March 23, 1945 (World War II, 2010). The Allies had set up an undertaking referred to as Operation Varsity which took place in 1945. It was considered as the last operation of the allies in Europe, and although the allies conquered, they were still faced with challenges. The Germans had prepared themselves as there were anti aircrafts units which were set strategically against the allies. All the bridges were blown up again, and Hitler was unable to restrict the allies who had settled in the west. The Red army had targeted Berlin, and it set forth to the West (World War II, 2010). Blitzkrieg Since time immemorial, Germany had always been known for using the trick known as ‘Blitzkrieg’. This was also referred to as the lightning war. This was an operation which involved the constant use of mass planes which would be ordered to break through the defenses of the enemy on a very close range. The enemy could not be allowed at any moment to invade Germany. Ordinarily, the German forces would successfully surround the opposing troops, where they would be forced to surrender (USHMM, 2010). This trick had proved effective since in the previous years, Germany had defeated Poland, Belgium, France and the Netherlands. However, they had never managed to defeat Great Britain. The allied forces also faced the same challenge, as the Germans tried to oppose their entrance to their territory. However, the allied forces managed to cross the Rhine, and consequently, the Nazi Germany surrendered (USHMM, 2010). When the war had advanced, it reached a point where the Germans felt defeated and they were therefore looking for ways in which they could surrender. This was indeed what the allies wanted. However, it was not an easy task, as there was a major challenge. There were so many deaths associated with the march. The last important German unit, which was referred to as Army Group B has all its men surrender, which totaled to two hundred thousand on April 24. The Germans were trying their best to ensure that the refugees were not a distraction so that they could surrender to the Allies from the west. Therefore, there was a delay in the Germans surrendering as most of the refugees refused to give way (World War II, 2007). German secret dealings The allied forces were constantly attacked by the refugees. There were guards who were assigned so as to force the people to move away from the fighting ground. However, most of the refugees resisted the orders and as a result, there were so many deaths which resulted. The guards continued to kill these people secretly (World War II, 2007). There was the collaboration of the allies and the Russians on the concentration camps. However, they faced another challenge as the Germans had tried to conceal their crime by hiding the bodies of the people who had been killed. They were presented with very horrific facts, as there were very many corpses which had been piled in a large heap. This revealed how the Germans had continued killing the people. In one of the camps, referred to as the Ohrdruf Concentration Camp, all the civilians of this place were ordered by Eisenhower to see what used to happen in secret. This proved a great challenge to the Allies because they had to first search for all the guards that were hiding in all their ranks (World War II, 2007) As a result, the Gestapo officers and the guards realized that their dirty dealings had been revealed by the Allies. Therefore, they tried all they could so as to escape. However, most of them, including some Nazis of the high ranks were captured as they were escaping. Some of these included Fritz Von Papen, Herman Goering, and Albert Speer. There had looted art treasures which were later discovered. Additionally, there were very many hidden caches of jewelry and gold which were found in all parts of Germany. These had been stripped off from different countries and had been sent to Germany (World War II, 2007) Persecution of collaborators All the German leaders who tried to make secret alliances with the allies were persecuted and this was another problem that the allies encountered. One of these leaders was Heinrich Himmler, who tried to make a separate armistice with the allies from the west. However, he was too unfortunate because as soon as Hitler realized this, he ordered his soldiers to execute him. Additionally, Goering also tried to do the same, and even tried to take over from Hitler, but did not succeed. Therefore, the allies were in constant wrangle with Hitler as he never allowed any of his men to collaborate with them. All the same, this did not prevent the allies from excelling (World War II, 2007) When the then U. S. President, Franklin D. Roosevelt died Hitler had hopes, that this would affect the operations of the allies. However, this was not the case, as the allies continued with their resolve, unaffected by anything. As a result, Hitler became a very depressed man, and vowed to fight the allies the best he could. He started by ensuring that the sewers were flooded, in a bid to stop both the Russian and the Western allies to continue their advance in Germany. The allies were constantly threatened by his actions. However, his efforts proved fruitless because most of the people who were wounded and killed were the refugees. He set battles by moving trapped or nonexistent armies. All the commanders that defied his orders were executed. Even though he tried all this, the Allies still won the battle, and the Nazis surrendered (World War II, 2007). Conclusion Though the allies were faced with great challenges as they tried to invade Germany, they successfully won. However, they were constantly faced with the German attacks through the tricks that it had used over the years so as to defend itself from its enemies. Some of the leaders of the German armies collaborated with the allies so that they could defeat Hitler and his forces. Eventually, the might of the Allies only left Hitler a depress man, who even chose his successor before he committed suicide. References USHMM. (2010).World War II in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007681 World War II. (2007).The German surrender April 25-May8, 1945. Retrieved from http://worldwar2database.com/html/germanysurrender.htm World War II. (2010). Crossing the Rhine. Retrieved from   http://worldwar2database.com/html/rhine.htm

Education in modern world Essay

Education is an important tool that is applied in the contemporary world to succeed, as it mitigates the challenges which are faced in life. The knowledge gained through education enables individuals’ potential to be optimally utilized owing to training of the human mind. This opens doors of opportunities enables individual to achieve better prospects in career growth. Education has played a paramount role in the modern industrial world. This is attributed to the fact prospective employees must be qualified adequately to perform various tasks effectively. Industries entail resources that are sufficiently equipped with the modern technology to suit the needs and wants of the society. This thus, makes education to become a norm for services in all industrial sectors. The primary skills and the ability to apply the skills is the basis for evaluating the market. The foundation of the society is based on education since it brings economic and social prosperity. Gaining education enhances an individual to live a respectful life in the society. This is because education offers a setting in which culture and values of a society are developed. In this respect, education in modern society provides a forum where the society examines its issues and identifies solutions. The advancement of a society both economically and socially is by gaining education which consequently enables them to run a modern society. Career wise, education is the foundation of developing individuals by providing knowledge regarding humanity the worldover. Individuals in the society acquire new approaches in life that build opinions on the economical and social life. Education enables the society to interpret the world around them rightly, innovating to new ways and means that conform to their environment. The current advancement in technology has been enhanced largely by education, as individuals are able to apply the skills acquired in real life leading to innovations. Employment in the contemporary world is based on education, as employees must possess the required skills that correspond with the current  technology to perform their tasks. Prospective employees must be equipped with skill for them to cope with ever advancing technology in all industrial and agricultural sectors. Therefore, education has become a basic principle to measure the labor market on the basis of essential skills and the ability to appropriate them through suitable communication. Education has played a major role in the modern life to all individuals in the society. It has enabled societies to prosper both socially and economically by enabling them to develop common culture and values. It is through education that Technological advancement has been realized enabling communication and production of cost effective products and services to the society at large.

Christmas-Time Essay

â€Å"Our hearts grow tender with childhood memories and love of kindred, and we are better throughout the year for having, in spirit, become a child again at Christmas-time.† (Laura Ingalls Wilder) Christmas is coming, it is one of the most important and magnificent holidays of the Christian calendar. This is a miraculous time of year when people begin to believe in miracles again and become pure-minded like heartfelt children. We all come from childhood. This is a fun and good time which is associated with sweet memories and a sense of continuing happiness. I remember this happy-go-lucky period of my life when I dreamed with confidence without thinking whether my dreams would come true or not. On Christmas Eve there were dozens of lights which burnt in my house. Honestly, this amazing picture made my heart so bright and happy that I wanted to embrace the whole world. I waited always for Christmas time because it was very great to help my parents to make a special dinner and feel breathtaking holiday atmosphere. Even growing up I become a light-hearted child again for a while, forget all the troubles and plunge into the world of magic at Christmas. Moreover, everything changes in the days of Christmas. In this period of time even the most hardened cynics turn into romantics and become a little kinder. Most people forget about all the difficulties and could be among friends and relatives. All the year round we called each other on the phone occasionally, however at Christmas all loving people gather together at the same table. There is an opportunity to hug each other, talk, and wish happiness during this marvelous night. On Christmas Eve, the sky opens its gates, and we can make a wish, importantly that it should be sincere and from the heart. I want to believe that we can start a new countdown on the eve of this holiday and our life will be more successful and full of incredible things. Once upon a time there was already a miracle, the birth of Jesus Christ. We yearn to believe in wonders and wish to let a little Christmas magic enter into our lives. Enjoy your life and go towards your dream like children – and then the most cherished desires will be fulfilled.

World History Homework

Muslim rule affected Indian government and society when Sultans Introduced this rule and many Turks, Persians and Arabs migrated to India to serve as officials or soldiers. Trade between Indian and Muslim lands Increased. During the Mongol raids of the sass's, many scholars and adventurers fled from Baghdad to India, bringing Persian and Greek learning.The newcomers helped create a brilliant civilization at Delhi, where Persian art and architecture flourished. 3. The founders of the Delhi sultanate were able to conquer northern India because the Sultans no longer controlled a large empire and northern India fragmented Into rival Hindu and Muslim states. During violent onslaughts, many Hindus were killed and the two groups clashed and did not get along at all. . Relations of Hindus and Muslims grew to better terms over time. Eventually, the Delhi sultans grew more tolerant of their Hindu subjects, and Hinduism was accepted as a monotheistic religion. Hindus were allowed to practice t heir religion as long as they paid a poll tax. Some Hindu even converted to Islam.Schism, a religion which blended both Hindu and Muslim belief came Into form. 5. The rejection of toleration of Hindu beliefs will probably bring more struggle and battles between the Hindu and Muslim. The Hindus and Muslims are back to being enemies and both empires will probably be effected poorly and will have an economic decline. World History 10-4 Homework By manservant 2. Muslim rule affected Indian government and society when Sultans introduced this soldiers.

Thomas Edison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Thomas Edison - Essay Example Edison started schooling, however, he was not a good student at all. In fact, his teachers complained about his slow learning. Edison’s mother was so upset that she decided to teach Edison at home and hence that was the end of Edison’s school life. However, Edison was a very inquisitive child who wanted to know almost everything. His young mind was always full of awe, fascination, and questions. His mother taught him to quench his own thirst for knowledge with the help of books and Edison followed her advice and started reading voraciously to seek answers to his questions. It was at this early age that he set up his lab and started experimenting by referring to books that he read (Edison Papers). In fact, this period of Edison’s life has a great deal to offer. Today, we rely so much on school and educational institutions to become educated however Edison through his life shows us that what schools give us is nothing but a â€Å"degree† or a â€Å"report c ard† but schools are not the measure of what our minds are capable of. In spite of being exempted from formal education, Edison was determined to learn and understand. Simply attending school or giving exams cannot make us intelligent, they are nothing but mere supports.If an individual is determined to learn and seek knowledge and succeed in life, he need not depend on degrees and exams to make him eligible to do so. Determination and passion are enough for success.Edison’s life had not been a smooth run at all, especially during his growing years.

Constitutional and Administrative Law - The rule of Law and Human Essay

Constitutional and Administrative Law - The rule of Law and Human rights - Essay Example Was it so hard for Socrates to conclude that he constituted ‘a majority of one2’ on that matter? No doubt Socrates, having believed in the Rule of Law when he was alive sought to die in the same manner. This discussion will seek to explore the notion of the supremacy of law and in light of any exposition obtained will consider whether Socrates could have chosen another way to enlighten us. The idea of the supremacy of law is ideally one of the fundamental principles in a society, translating into the law being above all and all being subject to the ordinary law of the land. As such there exist a variety of views about the rule of law, forming a spectrum in light of the culture or society in consideration. What is significant is the recognition of the existence of the rule of law in various societies and to mark how this creature has changed shape over the centuries. For instance, half a millennium ago the rule of law would be seen to be present where the monarch ruled by right of conquest and everyone else was subservient to the monarchy. The monarchs were later substituted for ruling senates or governments but the status of the conquered nations would remain the same. This is exemplified by the Greek, Roman and later the British colonial empires where the conquered peoples were subject to the law introduced by the conquerors. Today such a rule would be considered und emocratic and singularly abhorrent. In the West, freedom had already attained its due significance as long ago as the Battle of Thermopylae and although it has often been in danger since then it is now too deeply ingrained in the system to be rooted out. It is this freedom that has led to liberal democracies and the idea of the rule of law as understood here is different from the eastern-more conservative societies. The supremacy of law in the West is often taken to be a fundamental principle because it gives way to equality, thereby making all equal, with none being above the

Strategic Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Strategic Management Accounting - Essay Example rocuring cheaper resources can enable a company to keep product costs low, thereby helping either in generating higher profit margins, or lowering selling prices and increase the company’s competitive edge in the market (Lister, 2014; Caplan, 2014). Some of the types of product costing methods are: Standard costing is the conventional method of costing used by most of the companies today. In this method, a company computes the product cost by forecasting the prospective expenditures that the company is going to incur based on expenditures in the previous fiscal; and derives the final price of its products after forecasting future demand of its products. In short, it is a retrospective process that tries to create benchmarks for future costs of production based on its past costs of production. There are 3 components of standard costing: cost of raw materials, cost of labour and overhead expenditures. These three costs are combined and using the targeted value of production, the company determines the cost of each unit of the product. Standard cost can be defined as the budgeted cost of a unit of output The prime benefit of standard costing method is the simplicity of this method. It helps in setting a target cost of production by benchmarking the costs of each factor of production. Creating cost benchmarks using this process is beneficial to the overall cost budgeting of the company. Also, it enables a company to create target revenue levels that it should derive from the sale of each unit of its products. However, standard costing method does not provide the platform for a company to analyse the individual cost factors in details. Also, actual costs incurred by a company for producing its goods during a particular fiscal year may be significantly more than the standard costs of production estimated, due to various real-time factors such as inflation, availability of raw materials and price increments by suppliers. Due to this, the standard costing method is

Care given to a 15 day old baby with breathing difficulties Essay

Care given to a 15 day old baby with breathing difficulties - Essay Example Moreover, the paper will include efforts to understand the foetal circulation in relation to a neonate circulation along with an explanation of provision of the most appropriate treatment and care to Flora, as well as to her family members. Lastly, the researcher will endeavor to provide a clarification of ways that a children’s nurse can take to make a respiratory assessment of a child of Flora’s age, as well as assessments of older children. Discussion On arrival at The Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, the team took Flora to the resuscitation room where they noticed her having breathing difficulties and a high pulse rate. Results of the initial assessment indicated her to be at a high risk; however, it was usual as infants often confront respiratory distress and similar signs and symptoms due to undiagnosed cardiac problems (Fergusson, 2008, 23-39). Subsequently, Professor Carley evaluated Flora’s physical condition and her behaviour using observati onal assessment of her airway, breathing, and circulation (Resuscitation Council UK, 2006, 1-10). It was noticeable that Flora was able to move all of her limbs with vigour, and there was no evidence of pallor that could indicate hypoxia (Fergusson, 2008, 35-40). In addition, the team noticed signs of efforts for breathing and visual signs of recession while observing Flora’s chest (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010, 29). The team also listened to the sound of Flora’s breathing, and luckily, both nasal flaring and chest recession were evident. Vital signs such as, temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation were intact and functioning (Federspiel, 2010, 135). Furthermore, the team took blood samples for testing, which revealed that her kidneys were working in satisfactory condition and she was not anaemic, and additionally, Flora’s iron levels in her blood were normal as well. The hemoglobin levels in her blood were good, o xygenated cells were in high enough numbers within the blood to deliver oxygen to all tissues around the body that was another good sign. In addition, the team carried out blood tests to check PH imbalance and white cell count, as when in high numbers, they could indicate infection (Harrison, 2008, 56-67). After evaluating all these tests, Professor Carley reassured Flora’s parents by using the word ‘safe’ while explaining her immediate condition. In particular, Flora was at an age when cardiac abnormalities are often usual. One of the reasons is that in utero, the foetus obtains oxygenated blood, and nutrients from the placenta via the umbilical vein as defined by Chamley et al (2005, 11-26), and the lungs are not functional at this stage. At birth, important changes occurred to turn the foetal circulation into that of a neonatal circulation and before a baby can take in oxygen; her heart had to connect with the lungs (Holmes, 2010, 12), and this transition enab led Flora’s body to take over and begin to work independently (Glasper et al., 2007, 30-55). In particular, with every baby’s first breathe, the airways open and the drop-in pressure causes blood to rush to the lungs to receive oxygen, this oxygen reaches blood, and subsequently,